Then you were either getting a very poor education in science, or you weren't listening in class. My guess is that you were an ideologue then, as you are now, and so you simply ignored all admonishments for the need of skepticism.
That is antithetical to the practice and purpose of science.
Yes. See the problem here is that you were looking for "the truth" in an area of human endeavor that neither seeks not claims to have found any truth. Science an area of human endeavor that simply imagines and then explores possibilities. That's it. There is no seeking of any truth in science, nor even seeking the evidence for truth, which is why you're looking for it there came up empty. What YOU were engaged in was philosophy, not science. Which is why you were not finding what you were seeking in the area of science.
I am not in the habit of believing things when I can't know them to be so. So I believe very little. Science is not about what any of us believe. It's simply about testing possibilities to see if they are indeed, possible. So far the theory of evolution remains a viable possibility after having been tested in a lot of different ways. And that stands as it stands. I have no need to believe nor disbelieve in it.
Well, mutations do happen, as we can see them happening, occasionally, for ourselves. And it stands to reason that if a particular genetic mutation gives the recipient a survival or mating advantage, and it is the kind of mutation that can be passed on genetically, that it would likely be passed on. And over time, it would spread throughout the species' population.
That's not true. Mutations occur all the time. We just don't notice most of them, or we write them off as unique individual effects. But they do still often provide advantages and disadvantages to those who receive them, and they do sometimes get passed on through the general population over time. Humans get taller, less hairy, smarter, and so on, because these traits prove more effective at surviving and mating. And the same is true of all species. We/they are all constantly changing, almost imperceptibly, over time, thanks to these small genetic imperfections that cause mutations to keep occurring. And thanks to circumstances giving advantage to some of them, and disadvantage to others of them.