Is it true the Kabbha was a Hindu temple?

[sindbad5]

It's very astonishing found a none Muslim guys like our Hindus friend argues about something very specific to Haj rituals, and dieing for portraying the thing as a non logical, or, more over, stolen from his religion !!!

i tell you what, I'll not arguing about the nature of the black stone, or from where it's came, I'll only mention a statement said by the Caliphate Omar (the second caliphate) regarding the black stone: "i know it's a stone that don't harm or benefit for anything, it's only because i saw the prophet mohamed kiss it, otherwise i never kiss it ever"

 

[Don Penguinoini]

Herushura, you seem to think that Sumerian religion developed into Hinduism, i find this nothing nothing more than a joke, care to prove this?

 

[herushura]

Herushura, you seem to think that Sumerian religion developed into Hinduism, i find this nothing nothing more than a joke, care to prove this?

The Sumerian Beliefs came to india by the aryans in 2000BC.

if you study the Sumerian religion, it the earliest form of polythestic religions.

 

[Surya Deva]

Don, Herushura believes every religion came from the Sumerian religion. He is rather alone in that belief

There are many people who believe in irrational things, this is yet another one of them.

 

[kai]

Don, Herushura believes every religion came from the Sumerian religion. He is rather alone in that belief

There are many people who believe in irrational things, this is yet another one of them.

who knows? the truth is it out there? i don't find it anymore irrational then any other belief system

Mesopotamian mythology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

[Muffled]

Hubal was the Lord of the Kabbah, Allah being the highest ranking god of the 360 gods worshipped in the Kabah, Allah litterly means "Most High God"

The "360" are the Sumerian Sons of Gods, Sumerian Religion in which developed into hinduism
Kabbah = House of Habur, The First king of Sumeria is called Alulim.

Alulim = Alilah, Alulim is the ancient form of allah. both meaning most high

Each length of "reign" of a Sumerian "sons of God"
applies to a particular NAMED "heavenly" region
of the 360-degree "circle" of heaven. Astrology and Religion parallel

While they worshipped 360 gods at the Kabah in Mecca, the Moon-god was the chief deity. Mecca was in fact built as a shrine for the Moon-god, I say no more

Kabah was a sumerian temple, not a hindu temple.

Again in the bible, Alulim is called Elohim, in which the bible refences the 360 gods as sons of gods hundreds of times.
Psalm 82.1 says: ’elōhîm ('God') stands in the council of ’ēl
he judges among the gods (elohim).

The Sumerians called the 360 gods as "Sons of God"

Does this mean the Kabbalah is the Kabbah of Allah

 

[Surya Deva]

I thought I would post parts of that article I read(I will provide a link in the end)

Was the Kaaba Originally a Hindu Temple?
By P.N. Oak (Historian)

Glancing through some research material recently, I was pleasantly surprised to come across a reference to a king Vikramaditya inscription found in the Kaaba in Mecca proving beyond doubt that the Arabian Peninsula formed a part of his Indian Empire.
The text of the crucial Vikramaditya inscription, found inscribed on a gold dish hung inside the Kaaba shrine in Mecca, is found recorded on page 315 of a volume known as ‘Sayar-ul-Okul’ treasured in the Makhtab-e-Sultania library in Istanbul, Turkey. Rendered in free English the inscription says:

"Fortunate are those who were born (and lived) during king Vikram’s reign. He was a noble, generous dutiful ruler, devoted to the welfare of his subjects. But at that time we Arabs, oblivious of God, were lost in sensual pleasures. Plotting and torture were rampant. The darkness of ignorance had enveloped our country. Like the lamb struggling for her life in the cruel paws of a wolf we Arabs were caught up in ignorance. The entire country was enveloped in a darkness so intense as on a new moon night. But the present dawn and pleasant sunshine of education is the result of the favour of the noble king Vikramaditya whose benevolent supervision did not lose sight of us- foreigners as we were. He spread his sacred religion amongst us and sent scholars whose brilliance shone like that of the sun from his country to ours. These scholars and preceptors through whose benevolence we were once again made cognisant of the presence of God, introduced to His sacred existence and put on the road of Truth, had come to our country to preach their religion and impart education at king Vikramaditya’s behest."

For those who would like to read the Arabic wording I reproduce it hereunder in Roman script:

"Itrashaphai Santu Ibikramatul Phahalameen Karimun Yartapheeha Wayosassaru Bihillahaya Samaini Ela Motakabberen Sihillaha Yuhee Quid min howa Yapakhara phajjal asari nahone osirom bayjayhalem. Yundan blabin Kajan blnaya khtoryaha sadunya kanateph netephi bejehalin Atadari bilamasa- rateen phakef tasabuhu kaunnieja majekaralhada walador. As hmiman burukankad toluho watastaru hihila Yakajibaymana balay kulk amarena phaneya jaunabilamary Bikramatum".
(Page 315 Sayar-ul-okul).

A careful analysis of the above inscription enables us to draw the following conclusions:

1. That the ancient Indian empires may have extended up to the eastern boundaries of Arabia until Vikramaditya and that it was he who for the first time conquered Arabia. Because the inscription says that king Vikram who dispelled the darkness of ignorance from Arabia.
2. That, whatever their earlier faith, King Vikrama’s preachers had succeeded in spreading the Vedic (based on the Vedas, the Hindu sacred scriptures)) way of life in Arabia.
3. That the knowledge of Indian arts and sciences was imparted by Indians to the Arabs directly by founding schools, academies and cultural centres. The belief, therefore, that visiting Arabs conveyed that knowledge to their own lands through their own indefatigable efforts and scholarship is unfounded.

An ancillary conclusion could be that the so-called Kutub Minar (in Delhi, India) could well be king Vikramadiya’s tower commemorating his conquest of Arabia. This conclusion is strengthened by two pointers. Firstly, the inscription on the iron pillar near the so-called Kutub Minar refers to the marriage of the victorious king Vikramaditya to the princess of Balhika. This Balhika is none other than the Balkh region in West Asia. It could be that Arabia was wrestled by king Vikramaditya from the ruler of Balkh who concluded a treaty by giving his daughter in marriage to the victor. Secondly, the township adjoining the so called Kutub Minar is named Mehrauli after Mihira who was the renowned astronomer-mathematician of king Vikram’s court. Mehrauli is the corrupt form of Sanskrit ‘Mihira-Awali’ signifying a row of houses raised for Mihira and his helpers and assistants working on astronomical observations made from the tower.

 

[Surya Deva]

In Istanbul, Turkey, there is a famous library called Makhatab-e-Sultania, which is reputed to have the largest collection of ancient West Asian literature. In the Arabic section of that library is an anthology of ancient Arabic poetry. That anthology was compiled from an earlier work in A.D. 1742 under the orders of the Turkish ruler Sultan Salim.

The pages of that volume are of Hareer – a kind of silk used for writing on. Each page has a decorative gilded border. That anthology is known as Sayar-ul-Okul. It is divided into three parts. The first part contains biographic details and the poetic compositions of pre-Islamic Arabian poets. The second part embodies accounts and verses of poets of the period beginning just after prophet Mohammad’s times, up to the end of the Banee-Um-Mayya dynasty. The third part deals with later poets up to the end of Khalif Harun-al-Rashid’s times.

Abu Amir Asamai, an Arabian bard who was the poet Laureate of Harun-al-Rashid’s court, has compiled and edited the anthology.

The first modern edition of ‘Sayar-ul-Okul’ was printed and published in Berlin in 1864. A subsequent edition is the one published in Beirut in 1932.

The collection is regarded as the most important and authoritative anthology of ancient Arabic poetry. It throws considerable light on the social life, customs, manners and entertainment modes of ancient Arabia. The book also contains an elaborate description of the ancient shrine of Mecca, the town and the annual fair known as OKAJ which used to be held every year around the Kaaba temple in Mecca. This should convince readers that the annual haj of the Muslims to the Kaaba is of earlier pre-Islamic congregation.

But the OKAJ fair was far from a carnival. It provided a forum for the elite and the learned to discuss the social, religious, political, literary and other aspects of the Vedic culture then pervading Arabia. ‘Sayar-ul-Okul’ asserts that the conclusion reached at those discussions were widely respected throughout Arabia. Mecca, therefore, followed the Varanasi tradition (of India) of providing a venue for important discussions among the learned while the masses congregated there for spiritual bliss. The principal shrines at both Varanasi in India and at Mecca in Arvasthan (Arabia) were Siva temples. Even to this day ancient Mahadev (Siva) emblems can be seen. It is the Shankara (Siva) stone that Muslim pilgrims reverently touch and kiss in the Kaaba.

 

[Surya Deva]

As the pilgrim proceeds towards Mecca he is asked to shave his head and beard and to don special sacred attire that consists of two seamless sheets of white cloth. One is to be worn round the waist and the other over the shoulders. Both these rites are remnants of the old Vedic practice of entering Hindu temples clean- and with holy seamless white sheets.

According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the Kaaba has 360 images. Traditional accounts mention that one of the deities among the 360 destroyed when the place was stormed, was that of Saturn; another was of the Moon and yet another was one called Allah. That shows that in the Kaaba the Arabs worshipped the nine planets in pre-Islamic days. In India the practice of ‘Navagraha’ puja, that is worship of the nine planets, is still in vogue. Two of these nine are Saturn and Moon.


In India the crescent moon is always painted across the forehead of the Siva symbol. Since that symbol was associated with the Siva emblem in Kaaba it came to be grafted on the flag of Islam.

Another Hindu tradition associated with the Kaaba is that of the sacred stream Ganga (sacred waters of the Ganges river). According to the Hindu tradition Ganga is also inseparable from the Shiva emblem as the crescent moon. Wherever there is a Siva emblem, Ganga must co-exist. True to that association a sacred fount exists near the Kaaba. Its water is held sacred because it has been traditionally regarded as Ganga since pre-Islamic times (Zam-Zam water).


[Note: Even today, Muslim pilgrims who go to the Kaaba for Haj regard this Zam-Zam water with reverence and take some bottled water with them as sacred water.]


Muslim pilgrims visiting the Kaaba temple go around it seven times. In no other mosque does the circumambulation prevail. Hindus invariably circumambulate around their deities. This is yet another proof that the Kaaba shrine is a pre-Islamic Indian Shiva temple where the Hindu practice of circumambulation is still meticulously observed.

 

[Surya Deva]

Recital of the Namaz five times a day owes its origin to the Vedic injunction of Panchmahayagna (five daily worship- Panch-Maha-Yagna) which is part of the daily Vedic ritual prescribed for all individuals.

Muslims are enjoined cleanliness of five parts of the body before commencing prayers. This derives from the Vedic injuction ‘Shareer Shydhyartham Panchanga Nyasah’.


Four months of the year are regarded as very sacred in Islamic custom. The devout are enjoined to abstain from plunder and other evil deeds during that period. This originates in the Chaturmasa i.e., the four-month period of special vows and austerities in Hindu tradition. Shabibarat is the corrupt form of Shiva Vrat and Shiva Ratra. Since the Kaaba has been an important centre of Shiva (Siva) worship from times immemorial, the Shivaratri festival used to be celebrated there with great gusto. It is that festival which is signified by the Islamic word Shabibarat.


According to extant Islamic records, Indian merchants had settled in Arabia, particularly in Yemen, and their life and manners deeply influenced those who came in touch with them. At Ubla there was a large number of Indian settlements. This shows that Indians were in Arabia and Yemen in sufficient strength and commanding position to be able to influence the local people. This could not be possible unless they belonged to the ruling class.
It is mentioned in the Abadis i.e., the authentic traditions of Prophet Mohammad compiled by Imam Bukhari that the Indian tribe of Jats had settled in Arabia before Prophet Mohammad’s times. Once when Hazrat Ayesha, wife of the Prophet, was taken ill, her nephew sent for a Jat physician for her treatment. This proves that Indians enjoyed a high and esteemed status in Arabia. Such a status could not be theirs unless they were the rulers. Bukhari also tells us that an Indian Raja (king) sent a jar of ginger pickles to the Prophet. This shows that the Indian Jat Raja ruled an adjacent area so as to be in a position to send such an insignificant present as ginger pickles. The Prophet is said to have so highly relished it as to have told his colleagues also to partake of it. These references show that even during Prophet Mohammad’s times Indians retained their influential role in Arabia, which was a dwindling legacy from Vikramaditya’s times.

 

[Surya Deva]

The Islamic term ‘Eed-ul-Fitr’ derives from the ‘Eed of Piters’ that is worship of forefathers in Sanskrit tradition. In India, Hindus commemorate their ancestors during the Pitr-Paksha that is the fortnight reserved for their remembrance. The very same is the significance of ‘Eed-ul-Fitr’ (worship of forefathers).

The Islamic practice of observing the moon rise before deciding on celebrating the occasion derives from the Hindu custom of breaking fast on Sankranti and Vinayaki Chaturthi only after sighting the moon.

Barah Vafat, the Muslim festival for commemorating those dead in battle or by weapons, derives from a similar Sanskrit tradition because in Sanskrit ‘Phiphaut’ is ‘death’. Hindus observe Chayal Chaturdashi in memory of those who have died in battle.


The word Arabia is itself the abbreviation of a Sanskrit word. The original word is ‘Arabasthan’. Since Prakrit ‘B’ is Sanskrit ‘V’ the original Sanskrit name of the land is ‘Arvasthan’. ‘Arva’ in Sanskrit means a horse. Arvasthan signifies a land of horses., and as well all know, Arabia is famous for its horses.

Sayar-ul-Okul’ tells us that a pan-Arabic poetic symposium used to be held in Mecca at the annual Okaj fair in pre-Islamic times. All leading poets used to participate in it.
Poems considered best were awarded prizes. The best-engraved on gold plate were hung inside the temple. Others etched on camel or goatskin were hung outside. Thus for thousands of years the Kaaba was the treasure house of the best Arabian poetic thought inspired by the Indian Vedic tradition.
That tradition being of immemorial antiquity many poetic compositions were engraved and hung inside and outside on the walls of the Kaaba. But most of the poems got lost and destroyed during the storming of the Kaaba by Prophet Mohammad’s troops. The Prophet’s court poet, Hassan-bin-Sawik, who was among the invaders, captured some of the treasured poems and dumped the gold plate on which they were inscribed in his own home. Sawik’s grandson, hoping to earn a reward carried those gold plates to Khalif’s court where he met the well-known Arab scholar Abu Amir Asamai. The latter received from the bearer five gold plates and 16 leather sheets with the prize-winning poems engraved on them. The bearer was sent away happy bestowed with a good reward.

On the five gold plates were inscribed verses by ancient Arab poets like Labi Baynay, Akhatab-bin-Turfa and Jarrham Bintoi. That discovery made Harun-al-Rashid order Abu Amir to compile a collection of all earlier compositions. One of the compositions in the collection is a tribute in verse paid by Jarrham Bintoi, a renowned Arab poet, to king Vikramaditya. Bintoi who lived 165 years before Prophet Mohammad had received the highest award for the best poetic compositions for three years in succession in the pan-Arabic symposiums held in Mecca every year. All those three poems of Bintoi adjudged best were hung inside the Kaaba temple, inscribed on gold plates. One of these constituted an unreserved tribute to King Vikramaditya for his paternal and filial rule over Arabia. That has already been quoted above.

 

[Surya Deva]

Pre-Islamic Arabian poet Bintoi’s tribute to king Vikramaditya is a decisive evidence that it was king Vikramaditya who first conquered the Arabian Peninsula and made it a part of the Indian Empire. This explains why starting from India towards the west we have all Sanskrit names like Afghanisthan (now Afghanistan), Baluchisthan, Kurdisthan, Tajikiathan, Uzbekisthan, Iran, Sivisthan, Iraq, Arvasthan, Turkesthan (Turkmenisthan) etc.

All Arabic copies of the Koran have the mysterious figure 786 imprinted on them . No Arabic scholar has been able to determine the choice of this particular number as divine. It is an established fact that Muhammad was illiterate therefore it is obvious that he would not be able to differentiate numbers from letters. This "magical" number is none other than the Vedic holy letter "OM" written in Sanskrit (Refer to figure 2). Anyone who knows Sanskrit can try reading the symbol for "OM" backwards in the Arabic way and magically the numbers 786 will appear! Muslims in their ignorance simply do not realise that this special number is nothing more than the holiest of Vedic symbols misread.

Source: Kaaba a Hindu Temple?

 

[tariqkhwaja]

Firstly, Suraj let me commend you for providing us the text. On some points I can agree and on other I can't and yet others I don't understand.

Firstly, where is the 786 you speak off? I do not know of it.

Secondly, you have shown several methods of worship found in Hindu worship that Islam contains. Very similar to Christians telling Muslims that Islam is just a derivative of Abrahamic religions. I can point out to you teachings of Confucious in the Quran as well. And of many aboriginal tribes and Red Indian ones too will be found similar to those in Islam.

But all this only gives credence to the claim that all religions of the world were originally true but were only part truths. Where Hindus has the five daily prayers, the Jews had the 10 commandments and Confucious had those words of wisdom and Christians have their love for mankind. Yet it is in Islam (as you have shown in the case of Hinduism) that is the only complete religion that takes all these good aspects of different religions, combines them, completes them and presents them to us.

Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) surely was not aware of several of the Hindu customs (like 5-time prayers and 5-part body wash) that you mention yet Islam incorporated the good parts of Hinduism too. Islam is the only, therefore, universal and complete religion and the famous claim made by Christians and Jews that Islam is an amalgamation of the Torah and Bible is laid to rest by you, Suraj. Islam is an amalgamation of much more than the Torah and Bible. Islam is an amalgamation of many religions Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) who was illiterate did not even have access to. So thank you. I am most grateful.

Now the remaining set of evidences you present regarding the Black Stone and the writings on it ... that I do not know off and can not get back to you without sufficient research.

 

[Surya Deva]

Thank you,

Firstly, where is the 786 you speak off? I do not know of it.

It is a number which has religious significance in Islam and is printed on older arabic copies of the Quran. No Islamic scholar has been able to explain it, until it was discovered that this is actually the Hindu symbol OM, which appears once you convert the numbers into Sanskrit and read it backwards.

I think what this reveals is and certainly from the evidence discussed in the article that Hindu religion was spread throughout Arabia. This was the so-called Pagan religion which was practiced in pre-Islamic Arabia. Some positive evidences for this:

The existence of Indian kings and migrants in Arabia during Mohammed's times
- Indeed this is corroborated with Hindu records of West Asia(Arabia) of being a part of the Indian-Hindu empire. The Indian empire must be spread very wide from the Indian subcontinent to the West Asia and therefore must have been the largest in history.

Hindu rituals being incorporated into Islam is evidence that Hinduism was widely practiced in Arabia and the 360 idols founded in the Kabba are none other than the Hindu gods and goddesses. This also must mean the black-stone indeed is a Shiva-Lingam and the Kabbha was a Hindu temple whose main deity was Lord Shiva.

Some more startling facts which I am learning from reading more articles on this(I will post the other in another thread, some shocking reveals in it!) that Allah himself is a Hindu goddess! There is a goddess called Allah in the Hindu pantheon(a form of Durga) and Allah is one of the daughters of Lord Shiva, the moon god (Somnath, becomes Mannat) History tells us Allah was originally a moon deity, and had three daughters(There is a Quranic verse to support this) and Mohammed took this god and made it the sole god.

He destroyed all the idols in the Kabbha temple to destroy all trace of other gods, but kept only the black-stone Shiva-Lingam, because of its connection to Allah and the fact that Shiva was his kul-devta(clan god) and proof of this is his uncle and grandfather were Shiva worshippers. He kissed it because he still had respect for it.

Mohammed created his religion by combining various elements from religions existing at the time. He took creation stories, Jesus and Abraham from the Jews and Christians; rituals, Kabbha and Allah from Hinduism, and maybe other elements from elsewhere and created Islam as his own religion of which he is the prophet. The Meccans knew what he was doing and rejected his religion, they considered him to be insane, suffering from meglomania and publically ridiculed him. This really enraged Mohammed and he was known to burst out in epileptic fits, which gained him a reputation among the Meccans that he was posessed by some evil spirit. Mohammed would reveal his Quranic passages to them progressively and they would reject him. He was eventually considered a lunatic and driven out of Mecca. He left and went to Medina and there he gained followers which became rich and powerful by plundering and looting the Medians. Eventually when he had an army 10,000 strong he laid seige on Mecca and had all his previous detractors beheaded and captured the Kabba which was a respoistory of gold, gems and precious things.

All of the evidence seems to suggest Mohammed was far from a holy prophet. He was a meglomaniac, cruel, brutal and violent cult leader. I am not saying this but the articles I am reading are.

 

[K.Venugopal]

The Ka'aba may well have been a Hindu temple if you go by the rituals that go on there even today during Hajj - rituals done at no other mosque anywhere else in the world at any time but done at all Hindu temples everywhere in the world on all days.

1. The Ka'aba is the sanctum sanctorum within the mosque akin to the sanctum sanctorum within all Hindu temples.

2. The sanctum sanctorum contains a black stone akin to the idol in Hindu temples.

3. The Ka'aba is circumbulated by the Muslims just as the Hindus circumbulate the sanctum sanctorum of their temples - only the Hindus largely circumbulate clockwise whereas the Muslims circumbulate anti-clockwise.

4. There is the zam zam well beside the sanctum sanctorum in Mecca mosque just as there is a well beside the sanctum sanctorum in many Hindu temples.

5. Zam Zam water is distributed in Mecca and is taken home by the pilgrims just as Theertha (water from the well) is given or sprinkled on the pilgrim in Hindu temples.

6. Hindus pray to the idol of God by smashing coconuts whereas Muslims curse the idol of Satan by stoning it with pebbles. One a positive action and the other a negative action.

7. Muslims shave the head during Hajj while Hindus do so in some temples during their pilgrimage.

8. Sparse clothing is mandatory during Hajj. Sparse clothing is common during temple pilgrimages.

9. Muslims offer animal sacrifice during Hajj. In some temples Hindus did the same (this practice is now frowned upon and only in rare temples does it occur).

10. Muslims enter into a period of special discipline before Hajj. The Hindus too have a period of special discipline before pilgrimage to some well-known temples.

In short, going on pilgrimage to the Mecca mosque causes the pilgrim to undergo rituals that rings of rituals that are common in Hinduism. A legacy of Hinduism in Mecca?

 

[yousaf]

786

has no significance in islam . this is something made up by some people saying that it represents in the name of allah the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

but this is not found in nany verse of the quraan or hadith

 

[Gharib]

the holy Kabba is the first house of worship ever built on the surface of the earth. it was first built by the prophet Adem (as) the first man on this world created by god and then it was rebuilt by prophet Ibrahim (as) and his son prophet Ismail (as) and we do not practice any other religion except the religion of Allah wich was reveiled to prophet Muhammed (saws). there were 360 idols being worshiped at the kabba before the last prophet (saws) was chosen but they were all destroyed once islam prevailed. as far as the hindu religion goes islam has nothing to do with it because islam is the first and only religion on the earths surface, first revealed to prophet Adem (as) and finishing with the prophet Muhammed (saws). all other religions that have come to be are because of the misinterpretation of people that have had very little knowledge of islam and have made up their own stories.

 

[Surya Deva]

Welcome to RF Eselam,

I accept that as far as you are concerned Islam is the oldest and the first religion in the world, and if it says the Kabba was built by prophet Adam, then that is the case.
However, for somebody who is impartial, those claims are absurd. We know that Islam did not exist until 600AD, by that time Christianity was about 600 years old, Buddhism was about 1500 years old, Judaism was about 2000 years old, Taoism was about 2500 years old, Hinduism was about 4000 years old. Thus Islam cannot be the first and oldest religion.

As regards the Kabba, again this is something that predates Islam. It was a temple of the Arabian Pagans, who worshipped 360 gods. It was a place where annual debates were held by the Pagans and poetry competitions(Kabba means debate) As it is pre-existent before Islam, records show by centuries, one cannot accept what is said on its orgins after.

 

[Halcyon]

If this were the case, shouldn't the Kabbah bear some resemblance to other Hindu temples originating before 600AD, like this one;

I.e. covered in ornate carvings of devas rather than just being a plain box?

Are there any other Hindu temples that are a simple box shape without sculpture decorating them?

 

[anders]

There's no end to the insane proposals from extremist Hindu nationalists like P.N. Oak.

Comparing the Ka'ba black stone to a Shivling makes no sense at all. Not even its shape resembles any of the many different Indian images.

One argument of Mr. Oak's and his lot centers on the presence of crescent images in Islam. The crescent moon isn't a trade mark of Shivaism, but exists already in ancient Arabic belief systems.

Halcyon, your counter-argument isn't too bad, but you should take into account that building material was recycled. In for example the Delhi Qutb Minar complex, there are rows of mosque pillars that are of clearly Hindu origin.