Homer's Iliad indeed contains both mythology and facts based on geography and history.
For example:
The Iliad and Odyssey
The Iliad:
The Iliad tells the final chapter in the story of two major Bronze Age “Greek” alliances battling each other. It ends when the Achaeans (people mainly from what we now call Greece) sack Troy/Ilium (located in modern day Turkey). It's a long, meandering epic, but
it primarily revolves around the "godlike Achilles'" struggle to confront his hubris and become humanized.
Both in scope and type, consider the Trojan war as similar to that between different European factions in WWI and WWII, or between the North and South in the American Civil War: this was a seminal, history-shaping event, and an
intra-cultural war:
a war fought among people of the same basic culture; although the two sides are protected by different gods, all the gods belong to the same basic pantheon or family of what we now call "Greek gods".
The Odyssey, in contrast, mainly takes place outside of that common culture and describes contact with pre-Mycenaean Mediterranean cultures. The story focuses on Odysseus and his family's struggle to recover from the Trojan war's after effects and, primarily, with Odysseus struggle to make it back home. So
The Iliad describes the clash between two equally brilliant and beautiful groups of “Greeks”, and
The Odyssey describes contact with the “Other”, represented as monsters and witches.
This cite goes into more detail concerning the mythology of the Iliad and Odyssey. Read further for more details.
The Mythological Background of the Iliad, List of Greek Mythologocial Figures, Primordial Deities, The Elder Gods or The Titans, Additional Mythological Figures, Summary of the Odyssey, Adventures of Odysseus, Short Gist of the Iliad, Analysis of the Iliad - sirrhey
Zeus, the father of the gods, seemed to have realized that the earth was getting terribly overcrowded. To solve the problem of
overpopulation, he devised a
great war which would sweep like a conflagration over Greece. This was the
Trojan War.
A minor goddess,
Thetis, was married to a mortal,
Peleus. Out of this marriage,
Achilles, the greatest Greek warrior, was born.
Eris, the
goddess of mischief, was not invited to the marriage feast, so into the middle of the banquet hall she threw a
golden apple. The golden apple has this note:
To the fairest of the goddesses. Each of the most beautiful of the goddesses- namely,
Hera,
Athena, and
Aphrodite- claimed the golden apple.
A quarrel ensued and Father Zeus was asked to decide who was the most beautiful of the three. This placed Zeus in a predicament since
Hera was his own wife and
Athena and Aphrodite were his own daughters. So he parted the clouds covering
Mount Olympus, the dwelling place of the gods, and showed the three goddesses a
prince of Troy named Alexandros.
Zeus suggested that the three beauty contestants take their problem to Alexandros and ask him to decide. The goddesses descended upon the earth, circled Alexandros by turns, and each proceeded
to bribe him so that he would award her the golden apple.
Hera promised him
power; Athena promised him
wisdom;
Aphrodite promised that she would
give him the most beautiful woman in the world for his wife.
Alexandros awarded the golden apple to
Aphrodite.
It happened that
Helen the most beautiful woman in the world was already married to
Menelaos,
king of Sparta. With the help of Aphrodite, Alexandros abducted Helen and took her to Troy where she remained until the end of the ensuing Trojan War. That is the reason why she is called Helen of Troy. The Greeks banded together to restore Helen of Menelaos. Agamemnon, King of Mycenaea, was their general.
Many adventurous Greek heroes joined the Greek expeditionary forces. Among them were
Achilles, the greatest and bravest of the Greek heroes;
Odysseus, the clever and witty warrior;
Diomedes, the bold one;
Nestor, the prudent old man;
Aias, the giant; and a host of other heroes.
After ten years of preparation, the Greek army landed in Troy and began to attack its fortifications. The
Iliad begins in the
tenth year of the war.