Their fundamental claim is that very serious discrimination is currently being committed against individual males on account of their sex. These activists fall roughly into two categories, traditionalist and liberal–progressive. The traditionalists hold that inherited gender roles, though ‘discriminatory’ in the neutral sense of treating the sexes differently, have been more or less fair and just to both, because, they believe, the disadvantages faced by males and females have been comparable (at least in this culture, in this century) and because the traditional sex roles represent more or less the optimal division of benefits and burdens, the best arrangement for children and for society as a whole. What sets ‘men's rights’ traditionalists apart from traditionalists in general is their belief that contemporary feminism is not only bad for society but seriously unjust to men as well.
In sharp contrast—and in spite of attempts by many to label all talk of men's rights as reactionary, a ‘backlash’—progressive men's rights activists regard the traditional differential treatment as seriously unfair to members of both sexes. Inherited gender roles and stereotypes are not just burdensome to both men and women, they say, but unjust to both, and must be eliminated. (Unlike traditionalists, they have no need to pronounce the roles equally burdensome, and tend to treat the two sets of injustices as incommensurable.) Progressive masculists have thus welcomed many feminist efforts toward societal change, adding, however, that feminism addresses only half the problem. Furthermore, they maintain that many feminist efforts ostensibly aimed at ending sexism are actually increasing sexism against men. This has been especially true, they say, in the 1980s and 1990s, as mainstream feminism has left its inclusivist roots in favour of separatist efforts based on an extreme oppressor– oppressed picture of relationships between the sexes.