The Gospel of Mark was written either shortly before or shortly after 70 CE. The precise dating is dependent on the interpretation of Mark 13.2,14. Both verses, in there present macrocontext, refer to the destruction of the temple by the Romans in 70 CE. The disputed point, of course, is whether these verses already look back on the destruction of Jerusalem or whether they are real prophecies that announces the disaster that is about to befall the city. M. Hengel votes for a dating of Mark prior to 70 CE: 'It presumably originated in the politically explosive time after the murder of Nero and Galba but before the renewal of the Jewish war by Titus, i.e., sometime between the winter of 68/69 and the winter of 69/70 CE. The destruction of the temple is not yet presupposed; rather, the author anticipates the advent of the antichrist (as Nero redivivus) in the holy place, and the breaking in of the final, most severe stage of the Messianic woes before the parousia.' To be sure, Hegel's interpretation does not distinguish between the source that has been edited into Mark 13 and the Markan redaction, but identifies Mark 13.2,14 with the time in which the whole Gospel was composed. Both verses, however, are probably pre-Markan tradition and cannot be used as evidence that the Gospel itself was written prior to 70 CE. 'While the standpoint of the author of the source was situated before v. 14, that of the author of the Gospel must be located after vv. 14-20(22).' [Brandenburger] From the viewpoint of the evangelist, Mark 13.2,14 are vaticinia ex eventu, and the Gospel of Mark was probably written after the destruction of the temple early in the 70s (cf. also Mark 12.9; 15.38)