The U.N has stated that the regime is responsible for eight massacres the rebels are behind one.
Human Rights Watch has stated that the Syrian government is the likely culprit for the chemical weapons attack.
Amnesty International has reported that the Syrian army does not attempt to differentiate between rebels and civilians, often killing a number of innocents.[540] The Syrian Arab Army has also been accused of not differentiating between rebels and civilians in their air attacks.[541]
In June 2013, a prison was captured by the Free Syrian Army, revealing ongoing torture of political prisoners.[542]
The vast majority of human rights violations documented in Syria, including numerous international crimes, have been committed by the Syrian military and security forces and their allied militia.[543][544][545]:4[140]:10[546]:1[547]:20 The violations are considered by many to be so serious, deliberate, and systematic as to constitute crimes against humanity[140]:7[423]:5[547]:18–20[548] and war crimes.[140]
According to Human Rights Watch, the Assad government has created an "archipelago of torture centers".[549]:1 A key role in the repression, and particularly torture, is played by the mukhabarat: the Department of Military Intelligence, the Political Security Directorate, the General Intelligence Directorate, and the Air Force Intelligence Directorate.[423]:9[549]:1, 35 The Syrian army is reported by rights groups to deliberately target children and civilians.[550][551] Wounded civilians who arrive at hospitals are also tortured if it is believed they come from anti-Assad areas.[552]
Since the beginning of the conflict in March 2011, the Syrian army and police had repeatedly fired live ammunition on peaceful protesters[553] [554] [555] culminating to approximately 1000 protester deaths by 2012.[556] The deadliest attack on protesters occurred on 1 August 2011, when the Syrian army was sent to Hama to quell growing protests there, killing over 150 in an event news media termed the "Ramadan massacre".[557][558]
The Syrian army have many times burned alive and buried alive their military and civilian detainees, including children.[559][560][561]
The Syrian government uses food deprivation as a weapon of war.[563] The Syrian army enforces food-blockades on rebel controlled districts, particularly that of the city of Homs, where food and medicine has to be smuggled.[564][565] In Syrian government controlled areas, houses of people suspected to be anti-Assad are bulldozed as collective punishment.[566]
Several women's-rights organizations have accused the Syrian army of using rape as a weapon of war, saying that the abuse is widespread.[567][568] Women in the Syrian government's prisons are repeatedly raped and beaten, and are many times sexually tortured.[567][569] On 14 January 2013, the International Rescue Committee released a report stating many refugees flee Syria due to a widespread fear of rape. The report also spoke of the systematic targeting of health care workers, and the shooting of engineers seeking to maintain the sanitation and water infrastructure of Aleppo.[570]
Throughout the war the Syrian government and Shabiha committed numerous massacres, with the deadliest ones being the Houla massacre, the Khalidya massacre, the Tremseh Massacre, the Khan Sheikhoun massacre, the Aleppo massacre, the Darraya massacre, and the Baniyas and Bayda massacres.[571] Each time the Syrian government blames "terrorists" for the massacre, but denies independent observers access to investigate. UN observers who have attempted to reach massacre sites were fired upon by the Syrian army.[572][573]
After massacres of Sunni families in the largely Alawite populated coast of Syria, the Syrian army has been accused by observers and other countries of committing genocide.[574] [575] Starting in 2013, widespread fear and concerns of ethnic cleansing emerged among the Sunni community of the government controlled Tartus Governorate.[576]
The UNHRC has said "The violations and abuses committed by anti-government armed groups did not, however, reach the intensity and scale of those committed by government forces and affiliated militia.[1]"