If you were to ask an atheist about how the universe, life itself, and all that exists came to be, the answer would be scientific. Scientific study requires a key element, observation. And after extensive study through observation, atheists conclude that there is no God, or rather, there is no proof that God exist. Thus they conclude, through scientific study and observation, the origin of the universe, life itself, and all that exist. This being the case, how does an atheist view emotions? Love, happiness, sadness, laughter, etc. Where are these emotions derived from? What is it's origin? For if we look through a microscope, we can see atoms, microorganisms, etc. But you can not see sadness. Or happiness. Or love. So where do these emotions originate from and derive from, if not the human soul? And how do you know where it's derived from, if you can't see it? This alone should demonstrate that it's origin and where emotions are derived from is not visible as well, thus the human soul. Many atheists say that there is no proof of God because no one can see God. Yet they have no delay in accepting that humans have emotions, yet they can not look inside any body and see emotions. A contradiction. How do atheists explain this?
Well, as far as where our experiences
derive from, the question I think you are getting at is whether our mental experience comes from the brain, or from a "soul" which is some non-physical entity separate from the brain. This is the issue of dualism vs. monism and it has been a philosophical issue for centuries. Dualism says the mind derives from a soul, monism says it derives from the brain. Dualism is the idea easiest for us to imagine and accept, children for example naturally believe their minds exist "out there" somewhere disconnected from the rest of the physical world (a non-physical world which is also populated by all the things children, and often adults, imagine).
It's worth pointing out that dualism vs. monism has been a philosophical issue for centuries, but has nothing necessarily to do with the existence of God. It's also not a contradiction for an atheist to accept the existence of mental experiences. This is because evidence is acquired through
experience, and sight is only one possible experience. An emotion may be a less reliable experience than sight for acquiring information about the
external world, but OTOH it can be quite reliable in assessing the internal state of the brain, and it can be corroborated by evidence from an MRI or similar brain scan. The fact that you cannot "see" an emotion directly is also not a problem for an atheist if the word is understood as a label for a lot of complex phenomena (i.e., patterns of neurons firing in the brain and associated stimuli). For example, you can't "see" courage, or economics, specific examples of courage may exist but "courage" by itself doesn't, that's because the words are just labels for abstract features which allow us to group real things together, and simplify our complex world. There IS an interesting philosophical issue concerning what experiences are "made out of", which I'll get to in a moment, but it's not simply a matter of not being able to "see" the thing itself. That's not a problem any more than "courage" or "economics" is a problem.
Back to dualism vs. monism: the evidence and observations accumulated in
the field of neuroscience over the last century has lead almost all researchers to accept monism. For example, you don't feel emotions when you are unconscious. Why? If emotions derived from the soul, why would it matter that someone hit me in the head with a baseball bat? If emotions derive from the soul, not the brain, why would dopamine levels in the brain cause a change in your emotions? Why is it that people who have had the left and right hemispheres of the brain separated (so-called split-brain patients) become, to a remarkable degree, effectively two different people inhabiting the same body? Why is damage to the frontal cortex associated with personality changes, to the extent that a man injured in this part of the brain no longer considers *himself* "the same person" and his own wife barely recognizes him as the same person? All of this and other evidence is consistent with monism, and none of the evidence implies the existence of a non-physical "soul" which is separate from the brain. Even the idea that the brain is a sort of "receiver" for the transmission coming form the soul is not consistent with any evidence. That's because this would mean nerves would have to fire (for example) when receiving the transmission, which would be visible to us in this world as the
spontaneous firing of neurons with no physical stimulus, in violation of the most basic laws of physics (i.e. conservation of matter and energy). Nothing like this has been observed.
Instead of asking where our experiences are
derived from, which has been settled by the evidence, I think the more challenging question you should be asking is: what are our experiences
made out of? Let's suppose emotions and experiences are the products of the brain. The brain is made out of cells and so forth. What is "fear" made out of? I think this issue comes down partly to the labeling issue I mentioned (what is "economics" made out of?) And I think it partly comes down to the fact that our internal reality is ultimately an illusion, which may correspond more or less accurately to reality. Even what we *think* we experience can be an illusion. When you look at an expansive vista, you *think* you are seeing all the mountains and clouds in one image, but we know from experiments that in fact you are only seeing a small area in the center of your vision field in any detail at any time, and your eye darts around collecting information about different parts of the image. We are convinced that "experiences" are things which populate the world, they seem real to us, but OTOH we would have this conviction if our brains were wired a certain way and we were unable to rewire them. I think that's essentially what's happening, it's a lot like quantum mechanics or relativity in physics, our brains didn't evolve the most intuitive tools to tackle this issue.
Fatihah said:
Then, the atheist denies the idea of intelligent design.
Maybe it's better to leave that for another thread. For the record, many scientists who also happen to be theists do not accept intelligent design, and lack of intelligent design does not = chance alone. Is it "chance" that the planets move in elliptical orbits, instead of square or triangular orbits? No. If we could press "pause" on the universe, rearrange everything, and press "play" again, objects would still have elliptical orbits. Objects have elliptical orbits not by chance or by design, but as a consequence of the laws of physics.