Dirty Penguin
Master Of Ceremony
This was a question I had when I first started my research. In fact, it was this question (among a few others), that caused me to argue that Jesus didn't exist.
When talking about Jesus, scholars have begun to differentiate between the historical Jesus, and the Biblical Jesus. The Biblical Jesus is easy. One reads the Bible (Gospels primarily), and see what it says about Jesus. He performs miracles, was resurrected, is savior, the son of God etc. Included in that can also be later ideas formed about him such as he is God.
The historical Jesus, simply, is the actual historical figure in which various stories, myths, and exaggerations were attributed to.
Basically, the idea is that there was a historical figure named Jesus, in the first century, who gained a small following, and was a teacher. He was later crucified as he rubbed the wrong people wrong. So we have a foundation here.
Next, we get the idea of Jesus that is formed in his followers minds. His followers believed somethings about Jesus. They believed he could do miracles, he could heal people, he was resurrected, etc. Now, they most likely honestly believed this stuff. And Jesus was by far not the only person in the ancient world that these ideas were attached to. As time went on, more and more stories and the like were attached to him. Some of these went back to what the original followers believed to happen, others were added later on, and most likely, in many cases, still were believed to be factual.
This later addition was placed on the foundation of a historical Jesus, and it is the one we now see in the Bible.
My process is similar. I look at the stories in the gospel and set aside all fantastical claims to then get a (possible) picture of an everyday man known as Yeshua. I then try and match up some of the events, places and people with other historical information. It's a little hit or miss though. There's information that can be regarded as historical in the NT that doesn't seem to match up with external sources. It doesn't prove he didn't exist but it sheds some light on the agenda of the writers of the time.