standards for determining validity
Standards for determining validity are by asking your elders.
Problem is some elders are simply gross debauches.
This is the ideal method of determining validity:
**How do you know Who your real father is? Ask your mother!**
If you never had a mother to ask ---that is bad karma. So start afresh and get some good-karma for your-self.
I would bet that your "Ideal method of determining validity" is based on whom ever is an authority on a subject that you have never met nor known nor understand the scietific recipe-methods that those so-called Experts that you purport to cite as evidence of what you beleive.
Hey, what I would like to hear proof of via our civic Authorities is,
"Why is the Rent & cost of living always getting more expensive?"
"What is all this industrialisation and modernity porport to be doing for us tenants?"