The space has always existed, Space is open area without form. God who lives in space took space and started creating things from small pieces of floating fragment in it. In time those pieces became floating stars and then the sun was formed that floats and the moon that floats and the Earth that floats. After God closed up earth that created gravity inside the earth. When God created things inside the earth it dose not float.
in the earliest 100 million years, there were no fragments of any physical objects, other than clouds of couple of lightest elements,
- mostly hydrogen (1 proton, no neutrons) and its heavier isotope - deuterium (1 proton, 1 neutron),
- the less abundant helium (2 protons, 2 neutrons),
- but only tiniest fractions of lithium (3 protons, 3 neutrons), and possibly of beryllium.
There were nothing more massive or heavier than lithium (or beryllium if it existed in the earlier part of the universe history). There were no carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, lead, iron, etc, not until after the earliest generation of stars (population III).
Galaxies, stars, planets, and other astronomical bodies, never existed in the first 100 million years. James Web Space Telescope (JWST), equipped with larger mirror and lens than the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and more importantly with near-infrared instruments, that would provide the much higher resolution & quality images than those of HST, of very distant galaxies.
As of today, the most distant object to be ever observed so far, is the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 (discovered in 2024), that have have redshift of 14.32, meaning this galaxy was formed around 290 million years after the Big Bang (the initial expansion of the universe).
The previous records, were JADES-GS-z14-1 that have redshift 13.9, and JADES-GS-z13-0 (discovered September 2022), have redshift of 13.2.
Redshift (with the symbol “z”) or more precisely Cosmological Redshift, is a measurement of distance of object, that measure the light of star or galaxy, while the Universe is expanding.
In the physics of optics and electromagnetic radiations, a glass prism can split visible white light into range of colours, known as visible spectrum, with red light at one end, and violet at the other end (in 1666, Isaac Newton called this indigo instead of violet). Beyond the visible violet spectrum is ultraviolet light, where the wavelength is shorter, while beyond the visible red spectrum is infrared, in which the wavelength be longer. Go to even higher wavelengths, beyond the infrared, then spectrum will be in the microwave range, and than radio waves range.
How are these physics lesson is important, is that when you view distant stars, cluster, galaxies, and other visible objects, you might ask.
Well when astronomers can measure just how much z or redshift, the higher the positive number, the further the stars or galaxies are moving away from the Observer (the observers on Earth), which are indications and evidence that the universe is expanding.
Now there are stars and galaxies that appear to approaching the Earth, hence the object will appear in the blue range, hence the object referred to the distance as being blueshift.
With the blueshift, we are still using the redshift symbol “z”, except the number will be less than 1.
Redshift is just simply astronomical term to describe how distant are the objects from the Observer.
The larger number the more distant the object, as well as pointing to something that are older. So JADES-GS-z14-0 is not the most distant galaxy to be observed and detected, it is the object that formed not too long after the Big Bang, hence the oldest galaxy in our known and visible universe.
i have probably confused you with all these talk of physics. But it is the only thing you can do when you don’t know much about astronomy and cosmology of today.