religion, n.
Forms: ME relegeon, ME religeoun, ME religioune, ME religiune, ME relygeoun, ME relygioun, ME relygyoun, ME relygyun, ME–15 relegyon, ME–15 religiun, ME–15 religyone, ME–15 relygion, ME–15 relygione, ME–15 relygyon, ME–16 religeon, ME–16 religione, ME–16 religioun, ME–16 religyon, ME–17 religon, ME– religion, lME riligioun, 15 relegion, 15 relygyone, 15–16 relligion; Sc. pre-17 ralegioun, pre-17 relegioun, pre-17 relegioune, pre-17 releidgeon, pre-17 reliegieoun, pre-17 religeoun, pre-17 religeowne, pre-17 religione, pre-17 religioun, pre-17 religioune, pre-17 religyowne, pre-17 relligion, pre-17 relygyon, pre-17 relygyoun, pre-17 relygyoune, pre-17 relygyown, pre-17 relygyowne, pre-17 17– religion, 18– releegion.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman religioun, religiun, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French religion (French religion ) system of beliefs and practices based on belief in, or acknowledgement of, some superhuman power or powers, also any particular such system (both first half of the 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman, originally in commune religion , translating post-classical Latin catholica religio ; the figurative use in sense 4b is apparently not paralleled in French until later (c1810)), monastery (c1130 in Anglo-Norman), religious house (1139 in Anglo-Norman), action or conduct indicating belief in, obedience to, and reverence for a god, gods, or similar superhuman power, piety, devotion (c1145), state of life bound by religious vows (c1150), scrupulousness, conscientiousness (c1210), religious order (end of the 13th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman), (specifically) Protestantism (1533 in ceulx de la religion the Protestants, lit. ‘those of the religion’
and its etymon classical Latin religiōn-, religiō supernatural feeling of constraint, usually having the force of a prohibition or impediment, that which is prohibited, taboo, positive obligation, rule, impediment to action proceeding from religious awe or conscience, scruple, manifestation of divine sanction, religious fear, awe, religious feeling, superstition, quality evoking awe or reverence, sanctity, religious observance, religious practice, ritual, particular system of religious observance, cult, conscientiousness, in post-classical Latin also monastic community (8th cent.), religious order, rule observed by a religious order (12th cent.) < re- re- prefix + a second element of uncertain origin; by Cicero connected with relegere to read over again (see relection n.), so that the supposed original sense of ‘religion’ would have been ‘painstaking observance of rites’, but by later authors (especially by early Christian writers) with religāre religate v., ‘religion’ being taken as ‘that which ties believers to God’. Each view finds supporters among modern scholars.
Compare Old Occitan religio (late 12th cent., earliest in sense ‘religious order’
, Catalan religió (13th cent.), Spanish religión (end of the 12th cent.), Portuguese religião (13th cent.), Italian religione (second half of the 13th cent.). The Latin word was also borrowed into other Germanic languages: compare Middle Dutch, Dutch †religioen state of life bound by religious vows, religie system of faith and worship, belief in superhuman powers, etc., Middle Low German religiōn, religie, German Religion (early 16th cent.), Swedish religion (1539), Danish religion (16th cent.).
1. A state of life bound by religious vows; the condition of belonging to a religious order. Also fig. Cf. to enter into religion at enter v. 8b.
Chiefly in Christian contexts, esp. with reference to the Roman Catholic Church.
a1225 (1200) Vices & Virtues 43 (MED), Ðo ðe ðese swikele woreld habbeð forlaten and seruið ure drihten on religiun, hie folȝið Daniele, ðe hali profiete.
c1230 (▸?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 9 Easkið him..hwer he funde in hali writ religiun openlukest descriueþ & isutelet þen is i sein iames canonial epistel: he seiþ what is Religiun, hwuch is riht ordre.
c1350 (1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 63 (MED), Relessed Schel hym nauȝt be religioun, Þaȝ he be nauȝt professed.
▸a1393 Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 1265 (MED), In blake clothes thei hem clothe, This lady and the dowhter bothe, And yolde hem to religion..After the reule..Where as Diane is seintefied.
a1400 (1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 23049 (MED), Þai..Went þaim in to religiun..For to beserue vr lauerd dright.
▸c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 484 (MED), Oon maner religioun is..a bynding aȝen of a mannys fre wil with certein ordinauncis maad bi God or bi man or with vowis or oothis.
a1500 Lancelot of Laik (1870) 1300 Non orderis had he of Relegioune.
1528 Rede me & be nott Wrothe sig. d viii, Ware thou never in religion? Yes so god helpe me and halydom, A dosen yeres continually.
1535 D. Lindsay Satyre 3673 Mariage, be my opinioun, It is better Religioun, As to be freir or Nun.
1586 A. Day Eng. Secretorie i. sig. P3, Forsweare thou nothing good..but building of monasteries and entring into religion.
1663 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures (new ed.) xxviii. 111 Those of the country [sc. China] repute him for a Saint, because he ended his dayes in Religion.
1672 in F. O. Blundell Old Catholic Lancs. (1941) III. v. 47 She is called in Religion by the name of Barbary Ignatius.
1764 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto iv. 139 My father..was retired into religion in the kingdom of Naples.
1825 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 32 364 We must enter into religion and be made nuns by will or by force!
1886 H. N. Oxenham Mem. R. de Lisle 6 The two others..are in religion; the former entered the Order of the Good Shepherd in 1863.
1907 A. B. Teetgen Life & Times Empress Pulcheria xxvi. 220 Eutyches, the superior of a populous monastery outside the walls of Constantinople, had spent practically the whole of his life in religion.
1998 M. P. Magray Transforming Power of Nuns iii. 44 Women did not long remain in religion without a sense of spiritual purpose.
2. Christian Church.
a. A particular religious order or denomination; †a religious house. Also fig. Now rare.
?c1225 (▸?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 3 Richten hire & smeðen hire is of vh ordre & of uh religion.
c1300 St. Edward Elder (Laud) 192 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 52 (MED), Seint Edward cam..To an holi man þat þere was neiȝ in an oþur religion.
a1425 (▸?a1400) Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 6352 Somtyme am I Prioresse..And go thurgh all Regiouns Sekyng all religiouns.
1483 Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 426/1 Saynt Rygoberte..ordeyned a relygyon of chanounes and clerkes.
1496 J. Alcock Mons Perfeccionis (de Worde) sig. bv, As hymself for his pryde & enuy was caste oute of the holy relygion of heuen.
1528 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman Life & Lett. Cromwell (1902) I. 322 The exchaunge to be made bitwene your colledge in Oxforde and his religion for Saundforde.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. cxliij, This priest..was receiued into euery Religion with Procession, as though the Legate had been there.
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 194 This Religion of Saint Iohns, was greatly preferred, by the fall and suppression of the Templers.
1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 114 If any professed in the said Religion were negligently forgotten.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 12 A Dagger, which the King of Spain sent as a Present to the Religion.
1770 Ann. Reg. 1769 147 Some ships of the religion of Malta.
1858 F. W. Faber Foot of Cross i. 67 There were several false and counterfeit religions, which had troubled the Church about that time.
1902 Builder 27 Sept. 265/1 The sudden spread and popularity of the Franciscan religion in North Italy immediately on the death of Francis..was very remarkable.
†b. A member of a religious order, spec. a member of the clergy. Obs.
a1250 (▸?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 168 Forto beon so angresful..nis nout god icweme, and ancre ful nomilche uor swuch religiun [c1230 Corpus Cambr. religius] nis nout god icweme.
c1330 Short Metrical Chron. (Royal) 527 in J. Ritson Anc. Eng. Metrical Romanceës (1802) II. 292 (MED), Sethe he delede..To thilke that were povre in londe, That other to povre religiouns.
a1400 (1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 7556 (MED), Specyaly þat comandeþ he..to bysshopes and persones, To prestys, and ouþer relygyons [v.r. relygyones].
a1400 (1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 22001 (MED), Quatkin man sum euer it es..Or laued or religiun, Clerk, monk, or canun.
▸c1426 J. Audelay Poems (1931) 17 (MED), Herbore þe pore pur charyte, And ȝef mete and dreng to þe nede, And cumford hom þat woful be, Ellis be ȝe no relegyon.
a1500 (1400) T. Chestre Sir Launfal (1930) 427 (MED), Fyfty rewardede relygyons; Fyfty delyuerede pouere prysouns.
†c. Collectively: people devoted to a religious life. Obs.
1487 (▸a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xx. 162 Till religioune of seir statis, For heill of his saull, gaf he Siluir in-to gret quantite.
a1525 (▸c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 190 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 100 Alkyn chennonis eik of vyer ordouris All maner of religioun ye less & ye maire.
1568 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. f. 80, All religioun levis in holines.