If the very generation that knew Muhammad in person and supported him on his rise to power, despite enormous efforts and many pleas of allegiance towards each other, had such a hard time avoiding the craving for opposing each other in often violent ways, I just don't understand why Muslims would expect the non-Muslims of 1400 years later to be impressed.
You are right the Arab historians who wrote in the age of the Umayyads and later, describe stories in which MP inflicted unspeakable cruelties on innocent people for not following his religion.
So the question is who were the Umayyads? How well did they understand MP and his message? Were they psychopathic liars who would have distorted the truth about MP to find religious cover for their own criminal behaviors? I think there is considerable secular evidence that suggests they were psychopathic. If you wish I will share this evidence with you later. Just let me know
For now, let's take the verse about crucifying those who insult the prophet and Allah and chopping off their opposite foot and hand. I would think this type of punishment would have be reserved for the type of person who didn't just refuse to adopt Islam, but expressed animosity towards MP. It would be for not just those who verbally assaulted him, but also perhaps tried to physically assault and torment MP. Perhaps, not just those who physically tormented him, but also perhaps, fought wars against MP. Also, for not just those who fought wars against MP but also tried to personally kill and perhaps hired assassins to target kill MP in those wars. I think most people will agree that if such a person was caught, he would probably be killed
However, let's assume that he not just hired assassins in war but also organized a group of people to assassinate MP in peace time. Also, not just organized a group but also perhps tried to personally track down and kill MP. I think at this point most people would agree that if there was such a person who had tried to do these things to MP, the leader of his city, that he would be justified in putting to death such a person.
Some people may say, it would be okay to put to death, but not a painful death of crucifixion and chopping off hand and foot. That would be barbaric.
Well, let me tell you that Muawiya and his father Abu Sufiyan were guilty of all the above crimes according to their own historians. So did MP put them to death or cleaning the toilets for the rest of their lives? The answer is, no. The man forgave them. Later, Muawiya would rise to become leader of the Empire. In fact Muawiya's son Caliph Yazid, went down in history as the person who killed over a thousand companions of the prophet in Madina; and killed the grandson of MP.
So it is hard for me to believe that if the prophet didn't kill this cruel father and son duo after they were captured in a war that he was killing and torturing anyone. At the very least this proves that just because the Koran says something is a punishment for a certain crime it doesn't mean it has to be executed. Clearly MP forgave this duo and didn't punish them with sentences that the Koran stipulated.
A