We often hear about the "patriarchy" which rules the country.
But what justification is there for this claim?
Is it that men are the majority in government leadership?
The wage gap.....home bound wives....glass ceiling.....etc, etc?
Or is it necessity for political movements to have a boogeyman?
I would nitpick your implicit definition of "patriarchy" a bit here. The phrase "rules the country" implies something like a cabal, some explicitly organized system that actively exercises power, but I don't think that's quite what patriarchy means. Rather, it is the observation that social systems and institutions, including but not limited to political institutions, concentrate power in the hands of men.
Historically speaking, there is no real controversy about the fact that most societies since the dawn of the historical period have been patriarchical, although there is evidence that some pre-historic societies were more egalitarian. I assume you wouldn't deny the assertion that western societies at the turn of the 20th century were highly patriarchical and had been for hundreds of years. I think the history is worth keeping in mind prior to evaluating the question about American society in the present. The title of the thread presents the question as a dichotomy; either patriarchy or matriarchy, but even if those terms represent two extreme ends of a spectrum, there is a lot of room in the middle. Western societies are less patriarchical now then they were in 1900. I don't think anyone will deny that either. But it doesn't really follow that they have become "matriarchical" in the sense of concentrating power in the hands of women.
I think that this is not the case is more evident from the arguments you
didn't make. For example:
Here is the data you didn't cite:
- the Senate is 80% male, and the House 81.7% (
Rutgers)
- 75.6% of state legislators are male (
National Conference of State Legislators)
- 88% of state governors are male (
List of Female Incumbent Governors)
- 6 of 9 Supreme Court Justices are male, which is noteworthy in part because it's an historic low.
- 65% of Federal Court of Appeals justices are male (
National Women's Law Center)
- 66% of Federal district court judges are male (ibid)
To argue that we have become a matriarchy because there are demographically more women than men, while ignoring the actual demographics of those holding power is, in my opinion, clearly fallacious. It is either disingenuous or it reflects a great deal of naivety about political power. One is reminded of the Stalin quote about what matters being those who count the votes, not those who place them. In this case, who you can vote
for (who is running) also matters. It's difficult to successfully run for office without support -- from political parties, donor networks, and other political interest groups. The actual numbers suggest that it is still more difficult for women than men to succeed within these social structures. Having a small demographic advantage among likely voters doesn't remove that factor.
Beyond that, your other arguments about political representation reflect an ideologically-based bias more than anything else. You argue that social welfare programs reflect an essentially feminine point of view ("nurturing"), over against an apparently "manly" individualism, but this lens appears to be quite a revision of history. The modern social safety net owes to FDR and LBJ more than anyone else, and there is no evidence that they were motivated by feminist concerns. One doesn't have to be opposed to patriarchy to support those programs.
3) Women have preserved special privileges from patriarchal days, eg, immunity from military draft, dower rights.
I think most of us expect that the draft is vestigial at this point, unlikely to ever be invoked. I expect many feminists (and others) would prefer the draft was done away with simply because it is out of date with the modern military, but feminists have also supported allowing women in combat roles, and many would support extending the draft to women if we were to keep it. They would do so for the same reasons they support equality for women in combat roles. Basically, the status of the draft would seem to represent more the quirks of our political process than anything else.
4) Women have gained new privileges, eg, preferential treatment in child custody & divorce.
I've never seen any compelling evidence for this with regard to custody. For example, more than 90% of custody cases are decided without a court order, and there is evidence that the reason mothers win custody more often reflects the attitudes and desires of both parties. (cf.
Divorce stats) What is interesting is that these attitudes reflect cultural assumptions about gender roles that are in and of themselves sexist. To a large extent those attitudes reflect the historical patriarchy of our society, rather than an advantage for women. Women are simply expected to be primarily caregivers.
I think you could probably make a better argument that "maintenance" (alimony) payments in divorce are too often unfair, although it is also my understanding (from reading during my own divorce) that courts are generally trying to move away from maintenance as a standard practice in divorce. But here too, the underlying gendered cultural norms that explain the phenomena are sexist, they are vestiges of patriarchy. The desire of feminists is to dismantle those very norms. Obviously progress happens slowly and in a not-entirely-rationalized way.
Then there is the wage gap, which you mentioned but didn't address. Here is some relevant data:
"After accounting for college major, occupation, economic sector, hours worked, months unemployed since graduation, GPA, type of undergraduate institution, institution selectivity, age, geographical region, and marital status, Graduating to a Pay Gap found that a 7 percent difference in the earnings of male and female college graduates one year after graduation was still unexplained. Similarly, Behind the Pay Gap found a 12 percent unexplained difference in earnings among full-time workers 10 years after college graduation."
(
American Association of University Women)
Statistics about the wage gap are often disputed, with difficulties accounting for all the variables pointed out. And it is true that there really is no such thing as perfect data that can remove every factor beyond gender discrimination. Yet the study cited above does an excellent job accounting for many variables to get a fair comparison. In fact, every measure shows a disadvantage for women. In the same report you can see the consistency of the wage gap by state.
If you look at
BLS data by occupation, you will be hard pressed to find any where women earn more than men on average. The purpose of segmenting by occupation is of course to get a comparison where in theory the qualifications and skill levels between men and women are close to equivalent. And it's not just a question of average wages either, you can observe how occupations like "Chief Executive" are highly male dominated.
I think a common mistake is thinking that "patriarchy" as an explanation for this kind of data entails all men being consciously misogynistic or sexist. But that's not the case, and it misunderstands the cultural and social nature of gender norms in the same way that the phrase "rule the country" did in the OP.
This is demonstrated in this article in the NY Times:
"Last year, the consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers voluntarily released its gender pay gap in Britain, one of five firms in the country, including AstraZeneca, to do so. Simply saying the number out loud “created much more momentum internally” to close it, Sarah Churchman, who runs the firm’s British diversity and inclusion efforts, told me.
PricewaterhouseCoopers’s analysis showed that most of its 15.1 percent pay disparity (compared with a Britain-wide gap of more than
19 percent) reflected a lack of women in senior jobs. So the firm focused on whether it was promoting fairly. In 2013, the grade just below partner was 30 percent female, yet only 16 percent of those promoted to partner were women. A year later, the percentage of women promoted to partner had more than doubled.
The firm’s executives were also stunned to find a bonus pattern that favored men. The analysis showed that men who were passed over for partnership were routinely offered retention bonuses to keep them from quitting. Women weren’t." (NY Times)
The point here is that the evidence suggests that the gendered wage gap at the firm really was the result of discrimination, but not a maliciously motivated one. Simply raising awareness is enough to help correct the problem, because people do want to be fair. But the very fact that "fairness" is not often obvious reflects the cultural history of patriarchy. It's not an accident that all of the unconscious or culturally-based biases work against women in the work-force. That is the very definition of patriarchy.
So I think your "contra-indicators" are very poor arguments if the goal is to establish that we now are trending towards a matriarchy. Rather, from the wage gap to political representation, to gendered cultural norms and representations of women in media, there is a tremendous amount of evidence to suggest that our culture is still predominantly patriarchical. There is no doubt we've made progress, and there is also no doubt that there are imperfections in our political and social institutions, some of which even hurt men disproportionately (prison rape; norms that influence divorce proceedings, etc), but I think feminists are very clearly justified in talking about patriarchy even in the present.