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Evidence for an ancient earth

BilliardsBall

Veteran Member
Three physicists in the 1920s predicted in their respective hypotheses that the universe was expanding:

  1. Alexander Friedmann, Russian theoretical physicist, in 1922
  2. Howard Percy Robertson, American physicist, in 1925-26
  3. Georges Lemaître, Belgian theoretical physicist, in 1927
All three put up papers on the expanding universe model, before it was called the "Big Bang" in 1948. All three had independently used Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (1916) as framework to build the model on the expanding universe.

Robertson not only predicted this concept in 1925, but had also predicted that the "redshift" of astronomical bodies, such as the galaxies, are moving from one moving away from each other, indicated by the redshift in the spectrum and the universe expanding.

This prediction about the Robertson's redshift was later confirmed by American astronomer, Edwin Hubble in 1929, when he observed the redshift of two galaxies. This was very first evidence for the expanding universe model.

Although we have 2 physicists predicting the same model earlier than Lemaître, the Belgian priest and theoretical physicist, was the one who earned the title of the Father of the Big Bang theory.

The concept that the galaxies are moving away from each other and the universe is expanding, does indicate singularity. It does indicate the universe was smaller, denser, hotter.

All evidences showed this.

What you don't seem to grasp is that the we don't have technology today, to observe and detect the earlier epochs than the Recombination epoch.

As you know, or you should know, the Big Bang cosmology indicate the universe is about 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years, this last estimate by the Planck space program.

This Recombination epoch, which I have repeatedly brought up, it is the time when matters, the hydrogen and helium became stable matters, when it combined electrons to these originally ionised atoms. This bonding of electrons released photons, the earliest light we could detect and measure, in the form of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation CMBR), another thing that I keep bringing up.

The best estimate age of the universe may be 13.798 billion years old, but this Recombination epoch didn't start until the universe was about 377,000 years old, and this process didn't stop until the formation of large structures, the earliest stars.

The CMBR was predicted by Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman under the leading scientist George Gamow, in 1948, but this CMBR was accidentally discovered until 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson.

NASA's WMAP and ESA's Planck space telescope have indications that the universe is still expanding, and that it is accelerating in expansion. Currently the astrophysicists think the expansion is caused by dark energy, though it has never been directly detected. But what else could cause the universe to accelerate in expansion. If the dark energy don't exist, then astronomers should see the gravity would cause the universe to contract. But the evidences point to continually expand.

It still early days, science may develop the technology to directly detect and measure dark energy and dark matters.

But did you know that since Galileo but before 1919, astronomers thought the universe comprised only of the Milky Way?

All the nearby galaxies that they could observed with the earlier telescopes (pre-1919 telescopes), they thought those blobs of the Andromeda Galaxy and Triangulum Galaxy were nebulae, not galaxies.

It wasn't until they had finished constructing the Hooker Telescope, and Edwin Hubble used it and looked through this telescope, that he discovered those nebulae were actually galaxies.

Do you understand why I keep giving you a history lesson on astronomy and astrophysics?

It showed that physical cosmology, a lot predictions were made by scientists, and it took time, years, to confirm some predictions with observable evidences, while other predictions remain hypothetical and theoretical.

We have only been able to "observe" right up to the Recombination epoch, and have not been able to see anything earlier than this, but so far the only cosmological models getting their predictions right, is the Big Bang model.

The other models (eternal universe model, oscillating universe model (sometimes called the "Big Bounce"), the various multiverse models, etc) are still in their respective hypothetical and theoretical stages.

You have not shown any evidence that the universe. You believe it is, but you haven't been able to prove it.

Like I have said, there are many predictions in the cosmology business, and really not that much confirm. The technology is still in the catching-up with concepts.

Astrophysics and cosmology is ongoing learning and discovery process. We don't know everything, and we certainly don't know if the universe is eternal or has a beginning.

I favoured -
  1. the "wait and see" approach,
  2. and the "I don't accept anything until it can be observed, detected and measured" approach.
Your approach is "I don't care if we cannot observe it, I believe what I believe to be fact". Your unjustifiable and unverifiable concept is just that, BilliardsBall, "baseless speculation" based on wishes that "your opinion is true".

Sorry, but I need more than your words, your wishes, your hubris.

And your belief in the universe being designed by Intelligent Designer or ultimate Consciousness is just more of your unsubstantiated opinion...pseudoscience.

**

Do you understand why I keep giving you a history lesson on astronomy and astrophysics?

No, I don't. What you have done above is explain that we may know more and more about the early development of the universe or even the time of its pre-development. Yet you have provided no explanation for where the universe comes from (or conversely, how it is eternal in nature) or solved the question you've begged of infinite regression.

If you have the right to say "the universe or its building blocks or it's entry from a different universe is eternal" than I have as much right to say there was a pre-existent Creator.

And it's not pseudoscience to say that design implies a designer. Indeed, it's not even science, although you can use inductive observation here. It's logical to say design implies a designer.
 

gnostic

The Lost One
If you have the right to say "the universe or its building blocks or it's entry from a different universe is eternal" than I have as much right to say there was a pre-existent Creator.
That just is, BilliardsBall.

The question become - Where are the evidences for this "Creator"?

Saying you believing in the Creator, God or Designer, or whatever what you want to call it, is fine IF you are only concern with religious belief (and personal faith), AND IF your Creationism was strictly theology.

BUT no, it is not the case. You are trying to mix your belief with science, and you are trying to say your view is fact.

Well, science don't work that way.

Science, and I mean real science, not the "theoretical" science - no, I am talking about the "experimental" science.

Experimental science required the scientific theory to be:
  1. falsifiable, which is the ability to refute any statement within a theory - meaning the theory is testable, verifiable, measurable, in another word, observable;
  2. and the only way to "test" a theory if it is "falsifiable", is to use Scientific Method.
Scientific Method is a methodology and a tool, and a guideline of how to proceed from idea (formulated into hypothesis) to testing that idea, to coming to conclusion based on the test results.

And the tests or experiments must be repeatable, and rigorous.

The whole point to Scientific Method is to test the statements - the explanation and predictions - in the hypothesis or theory. The tests are the evidences that will either (A) REFUTE the statements, or (B) VERIFY the statements as being "true".

There is a 3rd option (C), where the tests don't yield conclusive results.

Only B can be accepted as probably true, and go through the next stage of the Scientific Method - Peer Review.

The tests that resulted in A or C get rejected, and the hypothesis should be ditched, and shouldn't be submitted to peer review.

Science, meaning experimental science, required falsification and evidences.

Theoretical science, like theoretical physics in superstring theory, M-theory, multiverse, and others like it, rely on proofs, not evidences.

Proof, in science, is finding solutions through logical statements, namely the mathematical equations. These equations (proofs) are often very complex, and difficult to solve.

Now, just about every science, including experimental science, have mathematical equations and formulas, but the final answer to experimental science come from evidences, not proof.

Theoretical science is different, in that it relied only on the equations, not the evidences.

Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, the Big Bang theory, all started out being theoretical physics, until they became testable, or the discovery of evidences.

With the Big Bang (known back then in 1920s to late 40s, as "expanding universe model" or "inflationary model"), Howard Percy Robertson predicted in 1925 that galaxies are moving away from each other, would show that the universe is expanding, is determined through "redshift" of the objects (eg galaxies). His prediction was discovered in 1929, by Edwin Hubble. The expanding universe model went from theoretical to experimental (empirical).

But one evidence is not enough to validate Big Bang hypothesis into a full-blown scientific theory.

In 1948, a group of scientists - Gamow, Alpher and Herman, would make the biggest contribution to the Big Bang since the pioneers' works of 1920s (Friedmann, Robertson and Lemaître).

George Gamow with his former student Ralph Alpher came up with concept of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). While Alpher with Robert Herman predicted the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR).

That was all theoretical, until 1964, when Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson accidentally discovered CMBR through radio telescope at Bell Laboratory.

Parts of the Big Bang are verifiable, therefore observable, but other parts of BB, the earlier epochs (pre-Recombination, like the Planck epoch, Inflationary Epoch, Hadron epoch), are still theoretical. The Big Bang model is an ongoing process; we are still learning, still awaiting for discovery.

Since the earliest age of universe is still unknown, other scientists, theoretical physicists have been coming up with alternative cosmology, like the Oscillating Cosmology Model (Big Bounce), Multiverse model, etc.

To me, experimental science is real-world observation, while theoretical science is merely representation of the real world, like a simulation.

Your Creationism, the belief in the eternal universe along with pre-existing Creator, are neither experimental/empirical (not falsifiable and not testable), nor it is theoretical (no equation, no proof), then this eternal universe-pre-existing Creator combo is nothing more than pseudoscience.

You cannot observe, detect, measure or test this pre-existing Creator of yours, which is essentially your linchpin to your eternal universe. Without direct evidences to this Creator, your claim that the eternal universe to be fact, falls apart.

Even if you left out the creator in your claim, the eternal universe is still pseudoscience and unsubstantiated speculation, because you have no observable or testable evidences.

You are certainly entitled to your opinion or belief, BilliardsBall, but those opinions are not fact, unless you have evidences. You don't even have mathematical equations, so they are not theoretical too.

Yet you have provided no explanation for where the universe comes from (or conversely, how it is eternal in nature) or solved the question you've begged of infinite regression.

Again with the straw man.

I have never brought up infinite regression in my life, and I don't advocate it.

You are the one who keep bringing up infinite regression, whenever I disagreed with your unsubstantiated claim.

How about you actually read what I am saying, instead of spewing up these dishonest straw man.

I have only accepted what have been observed or discovered. Everything that are still theoretical, I haven't accepted, yet.

Like I said before, General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Big Bang all started out being "theoretical", but once the first few pieces of evidence started coming in, it is no longer purely theoretical.

I am patient, and would be willing to wait for next evidence. And I don't accept anything to be true, unless we can verify it (hence the evidences and tests).
 

gnostic

The Lost One
And it's not pseudoscience to say that design implies a designer. Indeed, it's not even science, although you can use inductive observation here. It's logical to say design implies a designer.
Inductive observation is not science, BilliardsBall.

Design may implied Designer, but you have no evidences, therefore it isn't science.

You have no mathematical equations, therefore you have no proof, and no proof, mean it isn't theoretical science.

In the real world, a design of car, the blueprint will be evidences for car design.

As to the car designer - car engineer - he (or she) is not some invisible, all-powerful and all-knowing spirit. The engineer or designer, would have name, birth record, tax number, social security number, he would have parents, he may have siblings, wife or children. You would have records of his education, certificates or diploma. You can meet him, talk to him, go to the pub with him. You would have a number of other things, which are all evidences that this person who design cars for a living, that he is real and that he exist.

What evidences do you have for this Designer of yours?

You cannot see him, talk to him, touch him.

Saying "design implies a designer" is only true, if you have real evidences that designer actually exist.

This is merely a conjecture, and it is using circular reasoning, not inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is only rational and true, only when you know that Designer exist...but you don't.

The whole Intelligent Design business, is nothing more than creationism in guise, and they are both pseudoscience.
 

shunyadragon

shunyadragon
Premium Member
I have two dollars that says you've forgotten that almost every scientist who has said, "No way something like X could have happened" has been humbled in their lifetime or by the smarter ones who were born later.

This foolish assertion does not weaken science, but confirms that science is not dependent on the claims of individuals, but the advancement of the knowledge of the collective research of tens of thousands of scientists. Many theories and hypothesis are subject to review and revision, and on rare occasion rejected for more a modern theory or hypothesis based on more evidence.
 

shunyadragon

shunyadragon
Premium Member
All you wrote equals "we don't know how everything got here before the singularity expanded or why there was a singularity at all".

An 'appeal to ignorance' does not justify the conclusion of a Divine Source.

So what is more likely, that the universe with its incredible order and precision is random in origin or designed?

The objective verifiable evidence indicates that Natural Law is the likely cause. There is no evidence that randomness is a causal factor concerning the nature nor the origins of our universe, or any other cause and effect event in the history of the universe. The concept of Intelligent Design has never presented a falsifiable theory nor hypothesis that there is any other cause other than Natural Law.

What the layman call random is the natural variation of any given even that naturally occurs within the constraints of Natural Law. It is no longer considered random, but variation based on fractal math called Chaos Theory, which is not random nor chaotic nor random.

Again. Randomness nor Chaos Theory are causal factors, but descriptive of the observed variation in the outcome events with Natural Law being the cause. The problem is the outcome of cause and events is not observed to be truly random. but all the observed cause and events in the macro world show a fractal pattern described by Chaos Theory.
 
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Looncall

Well-Known Member
All you wrote equals "we don't know how everything got here before the singularity expanded or why there was a singularity at all".

So what is more likely, that the universe with its incredible order and precision is random in origin or designed?
All you wrote equals "we don't know how everything got here before the singularity expanded or why there was a singularity at all".

So what is more likely, that the universe with its incredible order and precision is random in origin or designed?

Since we lack information about the earliest times, there is no way to assess your probabilities definitively.However, since "godditit" has never been found to be a useful answer to a question of fact, we have some justification for rejecting it here.

You do not get to stick gods in everywhere you find a puzzle.
 

metis

aged ecumenical anthropologist
What does not prove or disprove a Creator God?
That should be quit obvious.

The fact that you have no answer for the question of infinite regression you've begged?
"No answer"? What are you talking about?

The fact that the further we go in science, the more astounded we are at a mindless, mechanistic creation that reveals quantum mechanics?
And that's exactly the point that you don't want to grasp.
 

shunyadragon

shunyadragon
Premium Member
**
No, I don't. What you have done above is explain that we may know more and more about the early development of the universe or even the time of its pre-development. Yet you have provided no explanation for where the universe comes from (or conversely, how it is eternal in nature) or solved the question you've begged of infinite regression.

It remains the fallacy of an 'argument from ignorance' to make such a claim and justifies nothing.

If you have the right to say "the universe or its building blocks or it's entry from a different universe is eternal" than I have as much right to say there was a pre-existent Creator.

Having the right to 'say' something either way does not contribute to the discussion. Anyone has the right to say the moon is made of Swiss Cheese, but that does not represent an argument for the nature of the moon.

And it's not pseudoscience to say that design implies a designer. Indeed, it's not even science,. . .

The Discovery Institute claims it can be supported by science.

[/quote]
although you can use inductive observation here. It's logical to say design implies a designer.[/QUOTE]

From: Namaste

"1.3.2 Inductive Arguments
Inductive arguments are more modest when it comes to the inferential claim. It claims only that its conclusion probably follows from its premises. That is, the inferential claim is that since the premises are true or acceptable, the conclusion is likely to be true or acceptable. Put differently, the logical relation between the premises and the conclusion is claimed to be less than 100% supporting."

This inductive argument remains circular.

The main argument for Intelligent Design claims the complexity of life cannot be explained by natural processes. This is an argument for the negative attempting to falsify that complexity cannot be the result of natural process, and such a hypothesis is not possible.

Yes, it is possible that God is the Creator, and I believe it is so, but it is a Theist claim not subject convincing logical arguments, nor falsifiable by scientific methods.
 

BilliardsBall

Veteran Member
That just is, BilliardsBall.

The question become - Where are the evidences for this "Creator"?

Saying you believing in the Creator, God or Designer, or whatever what you want to call it, is fine IF you are only concern with religious belief (and personal faith), AND IF your Creationism was strictly theology.

BUT no, it is not the case. You are trying to mix your belief with science, and you are trying to say your view is fact.

Well, science don't work that way.

Science, and I mean real science, not the "theoretical" science - no, I am talking about the "experimental" science.

Experimental science required the scientific theory to be:
  1. falsifiable, which is the ability to refute any statement within a theory - meaning the theory is testable, verifiable, measurable, in another word, observable;
  2. and the only way to "test" a theory if it is "falsifiable", is to use Scientific Method.
Scientific Method is a methodology and a tool, and a guideline of how to proceed from idea (formulated into hypothesis) to testing that idea, to coming to conclusion based on the test results.

And the tests or experiments must be repeatable, and rigorous.

The whole point to Scientific Method is to test the statements - the explanation and predictions - in the hypothesis or theory. The tests are the evidences that will either (A) REFUTE the statements, or (B) VERIFY the statements as being "true".

There is a 3rd option (C), where the tests don't yield conclusive results.

Only B can be accepted as probably true, and go through the next stage of the Scientific Method - Peer Review.

The tests that resulted in A or C get rejected, and the hypothesis should be ditched, and shouldn't be submitted to peer review.

Science, meaning experimental science, required falsification and evidences.

Theoretical science, like theoretical physics in superstring theory, M-theory, multiverse, and others like it, rely on proofs, not evidences.

Proof, in science, is finding solutions through logical statements, namely the mathematical equations. These equations (proofs) are often very complex, and difficult to solve.

Now, just about every science, including experimental science, have mathematical equations and formulas, but the final answer to experimental science come from evidences, not proof.

Theoretical science is different, in that it relied only on the equations, not the evidences.

Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, the Big Bang theory, all started out being theoretical physics, until they became testable, or the discovery of evidences.

With the Big Bang (known back then in 1920s to late 40s, as "expanding universe model" or "inflationary model"), Howard Percy Robertson predicted in 1925 that galaxies are moving away from each other, would show that the universe is expanding, is determined through "redshift" of the objects (eg galaxies). His prediction was discovered in 1929, by Edwin Hubble. The expanding universe model went from theoretical to experimental (empirical).

But one evidence is not enough to validate Big Bang hypothesis into a full-blown scientific theory.

In 1948, a group of scientists - Gamow, Alpher and Herman, would make the biggest contribution to the Big Bang since the pioneers' works of 1920s (Friedmann, Robertson and Lemaître).

George Gamow with his former student Ralph Alpher came up with concept of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). While Alpher with Robert Herman predicted the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR).

That was all theoretical, until 1964, when Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson accidentally discovered CMBR through radio telescope at Bell Laboratory.

Parts of the Big Bang are verifiable, therefore observable, but other parts of BB, the earlier epochs (pre-Recombination, like the Planck epoch, Inflationary Epoch, Hadron epoch), are still theoretical. The Big Bang model is an ongoing process; we are still learning, still awaiting for discovery.

Since the earliest age of universe is still unknown, other scientists, theoretical physicists have been coming up with alternative cosmology, like the Oscillating Cosmology Model (Big Bounce), Multiverse model, etc.

To me, experimental science is real-world observation, while theoretical science is merely representation of the real world, like a simulation.

Your Creationism, the belief in the eternal universe along with pre-existing Creator, are neither experimental/empirical (not falsifiable and not testable), nor it is theoretical (no equation, no proof), then this eternal universe-pre-existing Creator combo is nothing more than pseudoscience.

You cannot observe, detect, measure or test this pre-existing Creator of yours, which is essentially your linchpin to your eternal universe. Without direct evidences to this Creator, your claim that the eternal universe to be fact, falls apart.

Even if you left out the creator in your claim, the eternal universe is still pseudoscience and unsubstantiated speculation, because you have no observable or testable evidences.

You are certainly entitled to your opinion or belief, BilliardsBall, but those opinions are not fact, unless you have evidences. You don't even have mathematical equations, so they are not theoretical too.



Again with the straw man.

I have never brought up infinite regression in my life, and I don't advocate it.

You are the one who keep bringing up infinite regression, whenever I disagreed with your unsubstantiated claim.

How about you actually read what I am saying, instead of spewing up these dishonest straw man.

I have only accepted what have been observed or discovered. Everything that are still theoretical, I haven't accepted, yet.

Like I said before, General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Big Bang all started out being "theoretical", but once the first few pieces of evidence started coming in, it is no longer purely theoretical.

I am patient, and would be willing to wait for next evidence. And I don't accept anything to be true, unless we can verify it (hence the evidences and tests).

Science is wonderful for inductively observing and measuring many things--just not metaphysical things. Science cannot weight love or justice. God is a metaphysical being, but if you'd research evidence for the resurrection of Christ--a physical being--I think you would be satisfied.

Thanks.
 

BilliardsBall

Veteran Member
Inductive observation is not science, BilliardsBall.

Design may implied Designer, but you have no evidences, therefore it isn't science.

You have no mathematical equations, therefore you have no proof, and no proof, mean it isn't theoretical science.

In the real world, a design of car, the blueprint will be evidences for car design.

As to the car designer - car engineer - he (or she) is not some invisible, all-powerful and all-knowing spirit. The engineer or designer, would have name, birth record, tax number, social security number, he would have parents, he may have siblings, wife or children. You would have records of his education, certificates or diploma. You can meet him, talk to him, go to the pub with him. You would have a number of other things, which are all evidences that this person who design cars for a living, that he is real and that he exist.

What evidences do you have for this Designer of yours?

You cannot see him, talk to him, touch him.

Saying "design implies a designer" is only true, if you have real evidences that designer actually exist.

This is merely a conjecture, and it is using circular reasoning, not inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is only rational and true, only when you know that Designer exist...but you don't.

The whole Intelligent Design business, is nothing more than creationism in guise, and they are both pseudoscience.

A scientific mind knows that we see certain effects but are possibly yet unsure regarding their causation. We can see and measure some fairly fascinating things in the larger universe and in quantum mechanics without knowing their origin. Why even gravity is obviously laden with effects and can measured as proportional to mass but we don't know the root cause!

God is clearly affecting many things in this world, many people, much history. Start there, be open-minded.
 

BilliardsBall

Veteran Member
This foolish assertion does not weaken science, but confirms that science is not dependent on the claims of individuals, but the advancement of the knowledge of the collective research of tens of thousands of scientists. Many theories and hypothesis are subject to review and revision, and on rare occasion rejected for more a modern theory or hypothesis based on more evidence.

But it isn't "on rare" occasion, although it is rare in time. Nearly 100% of scientifically-held theories from recent centuries have been replaced.
 

BilliardsBall

Veteran Member
An 'appeal to ignorance' does not justify the conclusion of a Divine Source.



The objective verifiable evidence indicates that Natural Law is the likely cause. There is no evidence that randomness is a causal factor concerning the nature nor the origins of our universe, or any other cause and effect event in the history of the universe. The concept of Intelligent Design has never presented a falsifiable theory nor hypothesis that there is any other cause other than Natural Law.

What the layman call random is the natural variation of any given even that naturally occurs within the constraints of Natural Law. It is no longer considered random, but variation based on fractal math called Chaos Theory, which is not random nor chaotic nor random.

Again. Randomness nor Chaos Theory are causal factors, but descriptive of the observed variation in the outcome events with Natural Law being the cause. The problem is the outcome of cause and events is not observed to be truly random. but all the observed cause and events in the macro world show a fractal pattern described by Chaos Theory.

Natural Law is not a "cause". It is inductively observed phenomena.
 

BilliardsBall

Veteran Member
Since we lack information about the earliest times, there is no way to assess your probabilities definitively.However, since "godditit" has never been found to be a useful answer to a question of fact, we have some justification for rejecting it here.

You do not get to stick gods in everywhere you find a puzzle.

What do you mean "God did it" has never been found to be a useful answer to a fact? How were you planning to explain the resurrection of Christ? :)
 

BilliardsBall

Veteran Member
That should be quit obvious.

"No answer"? What are you talking about?

And that's exactly the point that you don't want to grasp.

I grasp that skeptics embrace something that cannot be embraced since it has no personality or love--a mindless, mechanistic CREATION.
 

shunyadragon

shunyadragon
Premium Member
Natural Law is not a "cause". It is inductively observed phenomena.

No, Natural is a deductively determined cause based on objective verifiable evidence.

From: deduction science - Google Search
"Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, according to the University of California. The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories."
 

shunyadragon

shunyadragon
Premium Member
But it isn't "on rare" occasion, although it is rare in time. Nearly 100% of scientifically-held theories from recent centuries have been replaced.

Absolutely false BIG TIME. Many Theories have been modified over time as new evidence becomes available'

The Science of Evolution has never been replaced. It remains as proposed by the Theory proposed by Charles Darwin; It has been reinforced and verified by over 150 years of research by thousands of scientists.

The Theory of Relativity remains as originally proposed by Einstein, and has been the basis for other theories and hypothesis since.

Yes, the Theories based on the old Newtonian knowledge have been replaced, but still remain valid for the macro world of engineering.
 
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gnostic

The Lost One
Science is wonderful for inductively observing and measuring many things--just not metaphysical things. Science cannot weight love or justice. God is a metaphysical being, but if you'd research evidence for the resurrection of Christ--a physical being--I think you would be satisfied.
I like Jesus, and respect his teachings in the matters of love and compassion, and that we should not judge or persecute others.

However, how much of his teachings were really his, and not the inventions of the gospel and epistle authors?

And did any of his "miracles" and his resurrection really happened, and not the hearsays and inventions of the authors of NT texts?
 
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Polymath257

Think & Care
Staff member
Premium Member
But it isn't "on rare" occasion, although it is rare in time. Nearly 100% of scientifically-held theories from recent centuries have been replaced.

Not really. Newton's ideas have been 'replaced' by Einstein's, but is still seen as a very valuable approximation in most ordinary circumstances. So, for example, NASA will still use Newtonian mechanics to guide probes to other planets. The level of accuracy is such that Einstein's ideas are not required.

And this is an important aspect of how science develops: even though old ideas can be overturned when more detailed evidence is found, the old ideas are still valid approximations and most of their conclusions survive within the realm they were tested in.

So, no matter what happens, the Earth still orbits the sun, most of the matter around is is made of atoms combined into molecules, and biological species change over geological time.

Those will not be overturned by any new theory because they have been verified way too many times in too many independent ways. That isn't to say the *details* won't change. But the overall picture won't.
 

gnostic

The Lost One
A scientific mind knows that we see certain effects but are possibly yet unsure regarding their causation.

That's only true, if the evidences are absence or inconclusive.

You not only need evidences for the existence of EFFECTS, you would also need empirical evidences for CAUSATION.

If you don't have evidences for the existence of CAUSE, then you are only conjecturing the link between CAUSE and EFFECT.

Nature exists, humans exist, our sun and moon exist, the Milky Way exists, and the Universe exists. They all exist because we have evidences for each one of them.

But this God, that you might call Creator, Designer, Spirit, Brahman, Consciousness, etc, that you don't have evidences for any of these being the CAUSE, other than very subjective and personal belief.

You can only use circular reasoning to justify the existence a Creator or Designer. This type of rationality doesn't involve inductive reasoning or inference.
 

gnostic

The Lost One
What do you mean "God did it" has never been found to be a useful answer to a fact? How were you planning to explain the resurrection of Christ? :)
How do you know Christ was ever resurrected?

You are taking what were written in the NT on blind faith. There are no actual evidences that resurrection happened after death by crucifixion.

The gospels were written 2 to 3 generations later, and none of the gospels had name to it. We have names attributed to these gospels; these names were added in the 2nd century CE. It is doubtful any of the actual gospel authors.

The earliest works in the NT, written before the gospels were ever penned, was Paul, and he even admitted that he was never eyewitness to Jesus' ministry, let alone the resurrection shortly after being crucified and entombed.
 
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