Prior to the destruction of the
Second Temple in 70 CE, Jews of the Roman province of
Judaea were divided into several movements, sometimes warring among themselves:
Pharisees,
Sadducees,
Essenes,
Zealots, and ultimately
early Christians. Many historic sources such as
Flavius Josephus, the
New Testament and the recovered fragments of the
Dead Sea Scrolls, attest to the divisions among Jews at this time.
Rabbinical writings from later periods, including the
Talmud, further attest these ancient schisms.
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The main internal struggles during this era were between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, as well as the early Christians, and also the Essenes and Zealots. The Pharisees wanted to maintain the authority and traditions of classical Torah teachings and began the early teachings of the
Mishna, maintaining the authority of the
Sanhedrin, the supreme Jewish court. According to Josephus, the Sadducees differed from the Pharisees on a number of doctrinal grounds, notably rejecting ideas of life after death. They appear to have dominated the aristocracy and the temple, but their influence over the wider Jewish population was limited. The Essenes preached an ascetic way of life. The Zealots advocated armed rebellion against any foreign power such as
Rome. All were at violent logger-heads with each other, leading to the confusion and disunity that ended with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sacking of
Jerusalem by Rome. The
Jewish Christians were the original Jewish followers of
Jesus. The radical interpretation of
Moses' Law by Jesus'
disciples and their belief he is the
Son of God, along with the
development of the New Testament, ensured that
Christianity and Judaism would become
distinctively different religions.
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