What role do prejudice and
discrimination play in the
lives of lesbian, gay, and
bisexual people?
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in the
United States encounter extensive prejudice,
discrimination, and violence because of their
sexual orientation. Intense prejudice against
lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people was
widespread throughout much of the 20th
century. Public opinion studies over the 1970s,
1980s, and 1990s routinely showed that, among
large segments of the public, lesbian, gay, and
bisexual people were the target of strongly
held negative attitudes. More recently, public
opinion has increasingly opposed sexual
orientation discrimination, but expressions of
hostility toward lesbians and gay men remain
common in contemporary American society.
Prejudice against bisexuals appears to exist at
comparable levels. In fact, bisexual individuals
may face discrimination from some lesbian and
gay people as well as from heterosexual people.
Sexual orientation discrimination takes many
forms. Severe antigay prejudice is reflected
in the high rate of harassment and violence
directed toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual
individuals in American society. Numerous
surveys indicate that verbal harassment
and abuse are nearly universal experiences
among lesbian, gay, and bisexual people.
Also, discrimination against lesbian, gay, and
bisexual people in employment and housing
appears to remain widespread.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is another area in
which prejudice and discrimination against
lesbian, gay, and bisexual people have had
negative effects. Early in the pandemic, the
assumption that HIV/AIDS was a “gay
disease” contributed to the delay in addressing
the massive social upheaval that AIDS would
generate. Gay and bisexual men have been
disproportionately affected by this disease.
The association of HIV/AIDS with gay and
bisexual men and the inaccurate belief that
some people held that all gay and bisexual
men were infected served to further stigmatize
lesbian, gay, and bisexual people.
What is the psychological
impact of prejudice and
discrimination?
Prejudice and discrimination have social and
personal impact. On the social level, prejudice
and discrimination against lesbian, gay, and
bisexual people are reflected in the everyday
stereotypes of members of these groups.
These stereotypes persist even though they
are not supported by evidence, and they are
often used to excuse unequal treatment of
lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. For example,
limitations on job opportunities, parenting,
and relationship recognition are often justified
by stereotypic assumptions about lesbian, gay,
and bisexual people.
On an individual level, such prejudice and
discrimination may also have negative
consequences, especially if lesbian, gay, and
bisexual people attempt to conceal or deny
their sexual orientation. Although many
lesbians and gay men learn to cope with the
social stigma against homosexuality, this
pattern of prejudice can have serious negative
effects on health and well-being. Individuals
and groups may have the impact of stigma
reduced or worsened by other characteristics,
such as race, ethnicity, religion, or disability.
Some lesbian, gay, and bisexual people may
face less of a stigma. For others, race, sex,
religion, disability, or other characteristics may
exacerbate the negative impact of prejudice
and discrimination.
The widespread prejudice, discrimination, and
violence to which lesbians and gay men are
often subjected are significant mental health
concerns. Sexual prejudice, sexual orientation
discrimination, and antigay violence are major
sources of stress for lesbian, gay, and bisexual
people. Although social support is crucial in coping
with stress, antigay attitudes and discrimination
may make it difficult for lesbian, gay, and bisexual
people to find such support.
What about therapy intended to
change sexual orientation from
gay to straight?
All major national mental health organizations
have officially expressed concerns about therapies
promoted to modify sexual orientation. To
date, there has been no scientifically adequate
research to show that therapy aimed at changing
sexual orientation (sometimes called reparative
or conversion therapy) is safe or effective.
Furthermore, it seems likely that the promotion
of change therapies reinforces stereotypes and
contributes to a negative climate for lesbian, gay,
and bisexual persons. This appears to be especially
likely for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals who
grow up in more conservative religious settings.
Helpful responses of a therapist treating an
individual who is troubled about her or his same-
sex attractions include helping that person actively
cope with social prejudices against homosexuality,
successfully resolve issues associated with and
resulting from internal conflicts, and actively
lead a happy and satisfying life. Mental health
professional organizations call on their members
to respect a person’s (client’s) right to self-
determination; be sensitive to the client’s race,
culture, ethnicity, age, gender, gender identity,
sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status,
language, and disability status when working
with that client; and eliminate biases based on
these factors.