Yes evolution involves outcomes of change and effect events that occur within a limited range determined by Natural Laws. In 19th century Cope's rules were proposed for evolution within how evolution takes place in the changes in the environment driving force of evolution. In summary cope's rule is the size of animals increase over time in response to positive changes in the environment that are more favorable. It has been also found that chnages that limit the environment can also decrease the size of animals.
A handful of “rules” govern how evolution shapes life on Earth, from island gigantism to colours shifting with latitude – and offer clues about how animals and plants might adapt to a warming world
www.newscientist.com
A RAFT full of elephants and rats gets stranded on a remote island. The animals survive and reproduce. But as the generations pass, something odd happens: the elephants shrink to the size of Shetland ponies and the rats grow to the size of cats. They have found themselves at the mercy of one of evolution’s weird rules.
Most of us are familiar with
evolution by natural selection, in which species change and diverge over time as those that successfully adapt to their
environment pass on the genes that helped them flourish. What you might not be aware of, however, is that evolution’s work is in some places governed by a handful of rules that can have some pretty surprising results.
Near the poles, for instance, animals tend to grow larger than you might expect. In the tropics, meanwhile, birds often have strikingly big beaks, while their feathers may be unusually dark. And on islands, evolution gets very peculiar indeed – which explains why
Sicily in Italy was once home to dwarf elephants just a metre tall and why rats in New Zealand are about
twice the size of their mainland counterparts.
Many of the biological “rules” behind these patterns were proposed in the 19th century and it hasn’t been entirely clear whether they stand up to modern scrutiny. In the past decade, however, biologists have not only confirmed that many of these rules hold true, but also revealed the intriguing details of how and why they work. In some cases, researchers have even begun to use the rules to predict how species will evolve as the world warms.
One thing to add to these rules is connected to the role of the brain and nervous system. Dinosaurs had plenty of muscle mass, but very small brains for their size. Muscle has memory and nerves, and is therefore not too far from a rudimentary form of brain matter. The large dinosaur could depend on the computer power of their muscles and brain stem, to do most of his simple needs; routine walking or chewing, with this constant activity adding a potential to amplify their small brain, through feedback loops, pushing the brain forward.
As the brain evolved, massive muscle mass was not as critical, as the diversity of muscle groups for movement; agility. The muscle mass; size, can get smaller and still the animal can evolve; improve, if the brain grows and adds more positive feedback. Sharks never sleep, so its muscle mass is constantly supplying potential to their brains. It is possible some ancient dinosaur types also never slept, but their muscle memory was always active to grow the brain so the brain can improve its feed back to the muscles; conscious control.
An interesting example of this affect, in light of the idea of speciation, is the humming bird. Are you aware hummingbirds can change colors? This color change is not biochemical, but is done with muscle memory. Their feathers are hollow, and they can change the diameter and angles of their feathers, and thereby alter how light refracts, through the feathers, to get other colors. This muscle movement, to the feathers, is wired to their brains for the needs mating or camouflage. If their brain decided to stop making the feather tubes vary, but instead stalled and ended in a series of permanent colors, this neural downgrade, would look like speciation.
Speciation can miss the boat at times if we forget to use the basic features of the brain and nervous system which control many things. The brain, for example, controls the pituitary gland which regulates growth; smaller elephant. If biology knew more about water hierarchy this would be easier to explain with the simple concept of brain potential. We grow from a baby, along with our brains, which stop dividing adding new connections. This suggest as the brain and synaptic numbers increase, feedback increases, so the pituitary gland can shut to slow growth. Simple growth feedback for change.
Water and Cellular Differentiation Control.
The main water based gradient in the human body is between the blood supply and the nervous system. The blood is slightly negative and the brain and nervous system is positive; Na+.These two tissues are everywhere in the body, near all other cell types, except blood cells. All other cells are in the middle in terms of water potential.
The blood and nerve tissue, which touch all the other cells are part of the cellular differentiation control system; at the level of water. As the brain evolved, this neural end of the gradient increased and allowed new tissues to appear. Our DNA has the genes for all these cellular differentiations to appear. The DNA is not the brain, but is more like the hard drive used by the growing brain; water potential. Cells types sequentially appear as the neural gradient increase with a more of less stable blood potential; embryo and mother's blood potential.
Neuron do not divide after about two years old. Dividing cells need to stockpile food to have the resources needed to make two daughter cells. The neurons works very hard, so they cannot stockpile and stop reproducing. This allows the brain to stay at the top of the gradient, never on down time. This assures a constant gradient maximum. This peak is also connected to gamete cell formation and the future DNA.