The interview is with Colonel Douglas Macgregor. Imagine if you were as skeptical of the claims of the United States government as you are of religion???
The
Gulf of Tonkin incident (
Vietnamese:
Sự kiện Vịnh Bắc Bộ) was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the
Vietnam War. It consisted of a confrontation on August 2, 1964, when
United States forces were carrying out covert operations close to
North Vietnamese territorial waters and North Vietnamese forces responded.
The United States government falsely claimed that a second incident occurred on August 4, 1964, between North Vietnamese and United States ships in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. Originally, US military claims blamed North Vietnam for the confrontation and the ostensible, but in fact imaginary, incident on August 4.
Later investigation revealed that the second attack never happened; the official American claim is that it was based mostly on erroneously interpreted communications intercepts.
[5][6][7] The
National Security Agency, a subsidiary of the US Defense Department, deliberately skewed intelligence to create the impression that an attack had been carried out.
[8]
Gulf of Tonkin incident - Wikipedia
Operation Mockingbird is an alleged large-scale program of the
United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that began in the early years of the
Cold War and attempted to manipulate domestic American news media organizations for propaganda purposes. According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when an April 1967
Ramparts article reported that the
National Student Association received funding from the CIA.
[1] In 1975,
Church Committee Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups.
In 1973, a document referred to as the "
Family Jewels"
[2] was published by the CIA containing a reference to "
Project Mockingbird", which was the name of an operation in 1963 which wiretapped two journalists who had published articles based on classified material.
[3] The document does not contain references to "Operation Mockingbird".
[4]
Background
See also:
CIA influence on public opinion
In the early years of the Cold War, efforts were made by the
United States Government to use
mass media to influence public opinion internationally. After the
United States Senate Watergate Committee in 1973 uncovered domestic surveillance abuses directed by the
Executive branch of the United States government and
The New York Times in 1974 published an article by
Seymour Hersh claiming the CIA had violated its charter by spying on anti-war activists, former CIA officials and some lawmakers called for a congressional inquiry that became known as the
Church Committee.
[5] Published in 1976, the committee's report confirmed some earlier stories that charged that the CIA had cultivated relationships with private institutions, including the press.
[6] Without identifying individuals by name, the Church Committee stated that it found fifty journalists who had official, but secret, relationships with the CIA.
[6] In a 1977
Rolling Stone magazine article, "The CIA and the Media,"
[7] reporter
Carl Bernstein expanded upon the Church Committee's report and wrote that more than 400 US press members had secretly carried out assignments for the CIA, including
New York Times publisher
Arthur Hays Sulzberger, columnist and political analyst
Stewart Alsop and
Time magazine.
[6] Bernstein documented the way in which overseas branches of major US news agencies had for many years served as the "eyes and ears" of Operation Mockingbird, which functioned to disseminate CIA propaganda through domestic US media.
[8]
In
The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War, David P. Hadley wrote that the "continued lack of specific details [provided by the Church Committee and Bernstein's exposé] proved a breeding ground for some outlandish claims regarding CIA and the press"; as an example, he offered unsourced claims by reporter Deborah Davis.
[6] Davis wrote in
Katharine the Great, her 1979 unauthorized biography of
Katharine Graham, owner of
The Washington Post, that the CIA ran an "Operation Mockingbird" during this time, writing that the
Prague-based
International Organization of Journalists (IOJ) "received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause",
[9] and that
Frank Wisner, director of the
Office of Policy Coordination (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the
United States National Security Council) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the IOJ, recruiting
Phil Graham from
The Washington Post to run the project within the industry. According to Davis, "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of
The New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles."
[10] Davis wrote that after
Cord Meyer joined the CIA in 1951, he became Operation Mockingbird's "principal operative."
[11] Neither the Church Committee nor any of the investigations that followed it find there was such an operation as described by Davis.
[6] Hadley summarized, "Mockingbird, as described by Davis, has remained a stubbornly persistent theory"; and added, "The Davis/Mockingbird theory, that the CIA operated a deliberate and systematic program of widespread manipulation of the U.S. media, does not appear to be grounded in reality, but that should not disguise the active role the CIA played in influencing the domestic press's output."
[6]
Operation Mockingbird - Wikipedia