Was Islam spread by the sword?

[1robin]

How their numerals looked like and how they made the calculations without 0, that is impossible.

Why Algebra improved only during the Golden age of Islam, why it have to stay primitive for thousands of years till the Muslims scientists made the modern Algebra,why the Egyptians didn't it, why the Europeans didn't it than taking it from the Muslims.

Your mathematic history is deplorable. Every major culture form Egypt to Rome, and Christianity in particular advanced math and science quite a bit in their day. Muslims in no way shape or form invented algebra. Cultures were using equations with variables (which is what algebra means) thousands of years before Islam ever existed. I gave you entire lists of Egyptian equations which use variables. You must have put on blinders, ear plugs, and buried you head in the sands of Islamic denial. I PROVED wrong but as usual you will not admit a fact is a fact if the fact does not conform to the lie you have been taught.


About the symbol 0.

I explained in plenty of detail that 0 can have two meanings.

1. As a symbolic representation of an order of magnitude in a base ten numeric system. Egypt obviously did not use the symbol 0 but had their own symbol for an order of magnitude. There is nothing what so ever meaningful in which symbol you use to represent an order of magnitude. It only matters if you have a symbol of some king to represent the concept and they did.

2. 0 can also represent another concept about negation of magnitude or value as in a number line. Or a null set and many other things. Egypt did not have that (I guess). I assumed they didn't based on Islam's claims they invented it but as Islam has so little integrity (at least it's defenders) I doubt that is even true but I was only concerned with algebra so I granted it for simplicity. You doing Allah no favors by denying proven facts.

 

[1robin]

There's the False Position Method.

False position method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

We get taught laws, rules and symbols. The methods we use are pretty old, first seen in India.

However you could stacks rocks as a method. Use piles of sticks etc...

I'd consider the rules and laws as part of the algebra we know. I can solve such problems a lot quicker because of the methods we are taught in school.

Methods are part of the development of math.

Of course you maybe right about the Egyptians. In algebra there is one "right" way to solve the problem. However in math how you go about solving a problem may be only limited by your imagination and creativity.

I said most algebra equations have only one way to solve them. The one fear God gave is of a type where 100% of the time there is only one way to solve them. You can solve them by only one method but you can do that method is differing orders but it still the exact same method. Getting into higher algebra like Riemann, the Quadratic, and Boolean algebra there might be more than one way. But the subject was Egyptian variable equations and they have only one method that can be used to solve them.

 

[Scimitar]

Christianity in particular advanced math and science quite a bit in their day.

I lol'd very hard, that was some joke

 

[1robin]

I lol'd very hard, that was some joke

You have now confirmed my suspicions. Your a well educated person but completely in the tank for Islam, so hard the facts no longer matter.

The list below is from the book The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present, Citadel Press (2000), written by John Galbraith Simmons.


1 Isaac Newton the Newtonian Revolution Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism;
believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
2 Albert Einstein Twentieth-Century Science Jewish
3 Neils Bohr the Atom Jewish Lutheran
4 Charles Darwin Evolution Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
5 Louis Pasteur the Germ Theory of Disease Catholic
6 Sigmund Freud Psychology of the Unconscious Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism)
7 Galileo Galilei the New Science Catholic
8 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier the Revolution in Chemistry Catholic
9 Johannes Kepler Motion of the Planets Lutheran
10 Nicolaus Copernicus the Heliocentric Universe Catholic (priest)
11 Michael Faraday the Classical Field Theory Sandemanian
12 James Clerk Maxwell the Electromagnetic Field Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist
13 Claude Bernard the Founding of Modern Physiology
14 Franz Boas Modern Anthropology Jewish
15 Werner Heisenberg Quantum Theory Lutheran
16 Linus Pauling Twentieth-Century Chemistry Lutheran
17 Rudolf Virchow the Cell Doctrine
18 Erwin Schrodinger Wave Mechanics Catholic
19 Ernest Rutherford the Structure of the Atom
20 Paul Dirac Quantum Electrodynamics
21 Andreas Vesalius the New Anatomy Catholic
22 Tycho Brahe the New Astronomy Lutheran
23 Comte de Buffon l'Histoire Naturelle
24 Ludwig Boltzmann Thermodynamics
25 Max Planck the Quanta Protestant
26 Marie Curie Radioactivity Catholic (lapsed)
27 William Herschel the Discovery of the Heavens Jewish
28 Charles Lyell Modern Geology
29 Pierre Simon de Laplace Newtonian Mechanics atheist
30 Edwin Hubble the Modern Telescope
31 Joseph J. Thomson the Discovery of the Electron
32 Max Born Quantum Mechanics Jewish Lutheran
33 Francis Crick Molecular Biology atheist
34 Enrico Fermi Atomic Physics Catholic
35 Leonard Euler Eighteenth-Century Mathematics Calvinist
36 Justus Liebig Nineteenth-Century Chemistry
37 Arthur Eddington Modern Astronomy Quaker
38 William Harvey Circulation of the Blood Anglican (nominal)
39 Marcello Malpighi Microscopic Anatomy Catholic
40 Christiaan Huygens the Wave Theory of Light Calvinist
41 Carl Gauss (Karl Friedrich Gauss) Mathematical Genius Lutheran
42 Albrecht von Haller Eighteenth-Century Medicine
43 August Kekule Chemical Structure
44 Robert Koch Bacteriology
45 Murray Gell-Mann the Eightfold Way Jewish
46 Emil Fischer Organic Chemistry
47 Dmitri Mendeleev the Periodic Table of Elements
48 Sheldon Glashow the Discovery of Charm Jewish
49 James Watson the Structure of DNA atheist
50 John Bardeen Superconductivity
51 John von Neumann the Modern Computer Jewish Catholic
52 Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Jewish
53 Alfred Wegener Continental Drift
54 Stephen Hawking Quantum Cosmology atheist
55 Anton van Leeuwenhoek the Simple Microscope Dutch Reformed
56 Max von Laue X-ray Crystallography
57 Gustav Kirchhoff Spectroscopy
58 Hans Bethe the Energy of the Sun Jewish
59 Euclid the Foundations of Mathematics Platonism / Greek philosophy
60 Gregor Mendel the Laws of Inheritance Catholic (Augustinian monk)
61 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Superconductivity
62 Thomas Hunt Morgan the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
63 Hermann von Helmholtz the Rise of German Science
64 Paul Ehrlich Chemotherapy Jewish
65 Ernst Mayr Evolutionary Theory atheist
66 Charles Sherrington Neurophysiology
67 Theodosius Dobzhansky the Modern Synthesis Russian Orthodox
68 Max Delbruck the Bacteriophage
69 Jean Baptiste Lamarck the Foundations of Biology
70 William Bayliss Modern Physiology
71 Noam Chomsky Twentieth-Century Linguistics Jewish atheist
72 Frederick Sanger the Genetic Code
73 Lucretius Scientific Thinking Epicurean; atheist
74 John Dalton the Theory of the Atom Quaker
75 Louis Victor de Broglie Wave/Particle Duality
76 Carl Linnaeus the Binomial Nomenclature Christianity
77 Jean Piaget Child Development
78 George Gaylord Simpson the Tempo of Evolution
79 Claude Levi-Strauss Structural Anthropology Jewish
80 Lynn Margulis Symbiosis Theory Jewish
81 Karl Landsteiner the Blood Groups Jewish
82 Konrad Lorenz Ethology
83 Edward O. Wilson Sociobiology
84 Frederick Gowland Hopkins Vitamins
85 Gertrude Belle Elion Pharmacology
86 Hans Selye the Stress Concept
87 J. Robert Oppenheimer the Atomic Era Jewish
88 Edward Teller the Bomb Jewish
89 Willard Libby Radioactive Dating
90 Ernst Haeckel the Biogenetic Principle
91 Jonas Salk Vaccination Jewish
92 Emil Kraepelin Twentieth-Century Psychiatry
93 Trofim Lysenko Soviet Genetics Russian Orthodox; Communist
94 Francis Galton Eugenics
95 Alfred Binet the I.Q. Test
96 Alfred Kinsey Human Sexuality atheist
97 Alexander Fleming Penicillin Catholic
98 B. F. Skinner Behaviorism atheist
99 Wilhelm Wundt the Founding of Psychology atheist
100 Archimedes the Beginning of Science Greek philosophy





Continued below:

 

[FearGod]

Give me a flipping break. I have admitted to Islam's contributions over and over again. However since all you do is sing about their run of the mill achievements I need not have.

The OP is about the Islamic era when Muslims controlled east and west, they were much more advanced than other nations otherwise they won't be able to control the whole world at that specific point of time which was called the dark ages of Europe.

We aren't speaking about Muslims of nowadays and today there is no one superpower but there are several countries that posses power which wasn't the case with one superpower during the Islamic golden age.

 

[1robin]

100 Scientists Who Shaped World History
The list below is from the book 100 Scientists Who Shaped World History (Bluewood Books: San Francisco, CA, © 2000), written by John Hudson Tiner.

The names in this list are listed in chronological order. This book does not purport to list the "most influential" scientists in history, although these are presumably among them. The names listed are not ranked in any way relative to each other. The back cover states:
100 Scientists Who Shaped World History is a fascinating book about the men and women who made significant impacts upon our understanding of the world around us. This chronologically-organized book provides capsule biographies of important scientists and describes how their contributions have shaped the world in which we live.

Pythagoras c. 580 B.C.-C. 500 B.C.
Hippocates c. 460 B.C.-377 B.C.
Aristotle 384 B.C.-322 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Euclid c. 325 B.C.-270 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Archimedes c. 287-c. 212 B.C. Greek philosophy
Eratosthenes c. 276 B.C.-c. 196 B.C.
Galen c. A.D. 130-c. 216
Hakim Ibn-e-Sina A.D. 980-1037 Islam
Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 Catholic (priest)
Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 Catholic
Gallileo Galilei 1564-1642 Catholic
Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 Lutheran
William Harvey 1578-1657 Anglican (nominal)
Rene Descartes 1596-1650 Catholic
Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 Jansenist
Robert Boyle 1627-1691 Anglican
Christian Huygens 1632-1695 Calvinist
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Dutch Reformed
Robert Hooke 1635-1703 Anglican
Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism;
believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
Edmund Halley 1656-1742
Daniel Bernoulli 1700-1782 Calvinist
Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790 Presbyterian; Deist
Leonard Euler 1707-1783 Calvinist
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Christianity
Henry Cavendish 1731-1810
Joseph Priestley 1733-1804 Presbyterian; unitarian
William Herschel 1738-1822 Jewish
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743-1794 Catholic
Alessandro Volta 1746-1827 Catholic
Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Anglican
John Dalton 1766-1844 Quaker
Georges Cuvier 1769-1832 Lutheran
Alexander von Humboldt 1769-1859
Karl Friedrich Gauss 1777-1855 Lutheran
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 1778-1850
Humphry Davy 1778-1829
Jons Jakob Berzelius 1779-1848
Michael Faraday 1791-1867 Sandemanian
Charles Babbage 1792-1871 Anglican
Joseph Henry 1797-1878 Presbyterian
Matthew Fontaine Maury 1806-1873
Louis Agassiz 1807-1873 Lutheran
Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
Augusta Ada Byron 1815-1852
James Prescott Joule 1818-1868
Jean Bernard Leon Foucault 1819-1868
Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Catholic (Augustinian monk)
Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 Catholic
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin 1824-1907 Anglican
Joseph Lister 1827-1912 Quaker
Friedrich August Kekule 1829-1896
James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879 Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev 1834-1907
William Henry Perkin 1838-1907
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen 1845-1923
Thomas Alva Edison 1847-1931 Congregationalist; agnostic
Luther Burbank 1849-1923 Unitarian
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 1849-1936
John Ambrose Fleming 1849-1945
William Ramsay 1852-1916
Antoine-Henri Becquerel 1852-1908 Catholic
Albert Abraham Michelson 1852-1908 Jewish
Sigmnd Freud 1856-1939 Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism)
Joseph John Thomson 1856-1940
Nettie Marie Stevens 1861-1912
George Washington Carver 1864-1943 Christianity
Marie Sklodowska Curie 1867-1934 Catholic (lapsed)
Henrietta Swan Leavitt 1868-1921 Protestant
Ernst Rutherford 1871-1937
Lise Meitner 1878-1968 Jewish-born Protestant
Albert Einstein 1879-1955 Jewish
Alexander Fleming 1881-1955 Catholic
Niels Bohr 1885-1962 Jewish Lutheran
Selman Abraham Waksman 1888-1973 Jewish
Edwin Powell Hubble 1889-1953
Robert Alexander Watson-Watt 1892-1973
Arthur Holly Compton 1892-1962 Presbyterian
Irene Joliot-Curie 1897-1956
Linus Carl Pauling 1901-1994 Lutheran
Enrico Fermi 1901-1954 Catholic
Werner Heisenberg 1901-1967 Lutheran
Margaret Mead 1901-1978 Episcopalian
Barbara McClintock 1902-1992
Grace Brewster Murray Hopper 1906-1992 Jewish
Marie Goeppert-Mayer 1906-1972
John Bardeen 1908-1991
William Bradford Shockley 1910-1989
Dorothy Crowfood Hodgkin 1910-1994
Jaques Yves Cousteau 1910-1997
Luis Walter Alvarez 1911-1988
Charles Hard Townes 1915-
Richard Philipis Feynman 1918-1988 Jewish
Frederick Sanger 1918-
Rosalind Elsie Franklin 1920-1958 Jewish
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1921- Jewish
Har Gobind Khorana 1922- Hindu
Tsung-Dao Lee 1926-
James Dewey Watson 1928-
Stephen William Hawking 1942- atheist

 

[FearGod]

So we are here on earth since 200,000 years ago and it was only for those 100 scientists that have a significant effect, fanaticism at its best.

Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī


Consequently he is considered to be the father of algebra,[6] a title he shares with Diophantus. Latin translations of his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the 12th century.[5] He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology.

His contributions not only made a great impact on mathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book.

For complete intro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi


Avicenna

Avicenna was a Persian polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian.

His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century .
Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacology, neuropsychiatry, risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,[30] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health.
He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics, and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy.

George Sarton,, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science:

"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna

Geber

He is "considered by many to be the father of chemistry.
abir Ibn Hayyan is widely credited with the introduction of the experimental method in alchemy, and with the invention of numerous important processes still used in modern chemistry today, such as the syntheses of hydrochloric and nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation. His original works are highly esoteric and probably coded, though nobody today knows what the code is. On the surface, his alchemical career revolved around an elaborate chemical numerology based on consonants in the Arabic names of substances and the concept of takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory. Research has also established that oldest text of Jabiran corpus must have originated in the scientific culture of northeastern Persia. This thesis is supported by the Persian language and Middle Persian terms used in the technical vocabulary.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber

Al-Jazari
The most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the mechanisms, components, ideas, methods and design features which they employ.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazari

Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī
He was involved in the measurement of the diameter of the Earth together with a team of scientists under the patronage of al-Ma'mūn in Baghdad.
The Alfraganus crater on the Moon was named after him.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farghani

Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, and philosophy, recorded in over 184 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries.] He was an early proponent of experimental medicine and is considered the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes

Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
physicist, an anthropologist and psychologist, an astronomer, a chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and physician, an Islamic philosopher and Shia theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields.

He was the first scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as the father of Indology, the father of geodesy, and "the first anthropologist". He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method, and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics, the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena, and a pioneer of experimental psychology.

George Sarton, the father of the history of science, described Biruni as "One of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruni


Al-Khazini
Robert E. Hall wrote the following on al-Khazini:

"His hydrostatic balance can leave no doubt that as a maker of scientific instruments he is among the greatest of any time."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khazini


Ibn al-Haytham
HE made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the scientific method.

Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the "father of modern optics" for his influential Book of Optics, which correctly explained and proved the modern intromission theory of vision, and for his experiments on optics, including experiments on lenses, mirrors, refraction, reflection, and the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. He studied binocular vision and the moon illusion, described the finite speed[] and rectilinear propagation of light and and argued that rays of light are streams of corpuscular energy particles[16]travelling in straight lines.] Due to his formulation of a modern quantitative, empirical and experimental approach to physics and science, he is considered the pioneer of the modern scientific method and the originator of experimental science and experimental physics, and some have described him as the "first scientist" for these reasons.

He is also considered by some to be the founder of experimental psychology for his experimental approach to the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions, and a pioneer of the philosophical field of phenomenology.

Among his other achievements, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura, discovered Fermat's principle of least time and the concept of inertia (Newton's first law of motion), discovered that the heavenly bodies were accountable to the laws of physics, presented a critique and reform of Ptolemaic astronomy, first stated Wilson's theorem in number theory, formulated and solved Alhazen's problem geometrically using early ideas related to calculus and mathematical induction,and in his optical research laid the foundations for the later development of telescopic astronomy,[34] as well as for the microscope and the use of optical aids in Renaissance art.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham



The Great Muslim Scientists of All Time

To be continued -

 

[FearGod]

Al-Kindi
also known by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus to the West, was an Arabpolymath: a philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist.
In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christian world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology, and devised several new methods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis method.] Using his mathematical and medical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi

Ibn Sahl

Abu Sa`d al-`Ala' ibn Sahl) (c. 940-1000) was an Arabian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad. About 984 he wrote a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses in which he set out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law.[1][2] He used the law of refraction to work out the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl

Al-Ghazali
known as Algazel to the western medieval world, was born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran). He was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, physician, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin], and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sufi Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of the methods of doubt and skepticism, and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy, shifting it away from the influence of ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and towards cause-and-effect that were determined by God or intermediate angels.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali

Astronomers and Astrophysicists

* Muhammad
* Muhammad Ahmad Khan Minhas
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Yaqūb ibn Tāriq
* Ibrahim al-Fazari
* Muhammad al-Fazari
* Mashallah
* Naubakht
* Al-Khwarizmi, also a mathematician
* Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
* Al-Farghani
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit)
o Sinan ibn Thabit
o Ibrahim ibn Sinan
* Al-Majriti
* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
* Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
* Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
* Abu Sa'id Gorgani
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
* Al-Mahani
* Al-Marwazi
* Al-Nayrizi
* Al-Saghani
* Al-Farghani
* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
* Ibn Yunus
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
* Omar Khayyám
* Al-Khazini
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
* Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
* Averroes
* Al-Jazari
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
* Anvari
* Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
* Taqi al-Din, Ottoman astronomer
* Ahmad Nahavandi
* Haly Abenragel
* Ghallia Kaouk
* Abolfadl Harawi
* Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[1][2]
* Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[3]
* Abdul Kalam
* Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
* Muhammed Faris
* Abdul Ahad Mohmand
* Talgat Musabayev
* Anousheh Ansari
* Amir Ansari
* Essam Heggy, a planetary scientist involved in the NASA Mars Exploration Program[4]
* Ahmed Salem
* Alaa Ibrahim
* Mohamed Sultan
* Ahmed Noor
* Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6]

[edit] Chemists and Alchemists

Further information: Alchemy (Islam)

* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), father of chemistry[7][8][9]
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
* Al-Majriti
* Ibn Miskawayh
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Al-Khazini
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Hasan al-Rammah
* Ibn Khaldun
* Sake Dean Mahomet
* Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
* Al Khawazimi Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics)
* Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[10]
* Ali Eftekhari

[edit] Computer Scientists

* Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory[11][12]
* Jawed Karim, Bangladeshi American software engineer; lead architect of PayPal and co-founder of YouTube[13]
* Pierre Omidyar, Iranian American entrepreneur; founder of eBay[14]

[edit] Economists and Social Scientists

Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world
See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam

* Muhammad (570-632), discussed corporate social responsibility[15]
* Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist
* Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
* Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), economist
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
* Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[16]
* Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[17] and father of Indology[18]
* Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
* Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
* Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
* Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
* Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201-1274), economist
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), sociologist
* Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
* Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), forerunner of social sciences[19] such as demography,[20] cultural history,[21] historiography,[22] philosophy of history,[23] sociology[20][23] and economics[24][25]
* Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442), economist
* Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
* Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[26][27]
* Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi economist; father of microcredit and microfinance[28][29]

To be continued-

 

[FearGod]

Geographers and Earth Scientists

Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution

* Muhammad, discussed environmental philosophy[30]
* Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[31]
* Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[32]
* Qusta ibn Luqa
* Ibn Al-Jazzar
* Al-Tamimi
* Al-Masihi
* Avicenna
* Ali ibn Ridwan
* Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
* Ahmad ibn Fadlan
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[17][33] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[17]
* Avicenna
* Ibn Jumay
* Abd-el-latif
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Nafis
* Ibn al-Quff
* Ibn Battuta
* Ibn Khaldun
* Piri Reis
* Evliya Çelebi
* Zaghloul El-Naggar

[edit] Mathematicians

Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies

* Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[34] and algorithms[35]
* Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
* 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
* Hunayn ibn Ishaq
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
* Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Mahani
* Ahmed ibn Yusuf
* Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit)
o Sinan ibn Thabit
o Ibrahim ibn Sinan
* Al-Majriti
* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
* Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
* Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
* Al-Nayrizi
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
* Brethren of Purity
* Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
* Al-Saghani
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
* Ibn Sahl
* Al-Sijzi
* Ibn Yunus
* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Al-Karaji
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
* Al-Nasawi
* Al-Jayyani
* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
* Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
* Omar Khayyám
* Al-Khazini
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
* Al-Samawal
* Averroes
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
* Ibn Mun`im
* Al-Marrakushi
* Ibn al-Banna'
* Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
* Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Al-Khalili
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Ulugh Beg
* Taqi al-Din
* Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
* Ibn Baso
* Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412-1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[36]
* Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[11][12]
* Cumrun Vafa
* Jeffrey Lang Professor at the University of Kansas converted to Islam from atheism
* Mostafa Mosharafa

[edit] Neuroscientists and Psychologists

Further information: Islamic psychological thought

* Muhammad, discussed mental health[37]
* Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[38]
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[39]
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[40]
* Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[37] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[41]
* Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder classification[42]
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[43]
* Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[43]
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[44]
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[45]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[46]
* Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological psychology,[42] neuropsychiatry,[47] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[48]
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[44]
* Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[44]
* Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[49]

[edit] Physicians and Surgeons

Main article: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine

* Muhammad, discussed contagion[50][51] and early Islamic medical treatments[52]
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[53]
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[54]
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
* Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[40]
* Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
* Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[55]
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
* Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
* Ibn Al-Jazzar
* Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[56]
* Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[57]
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[44] craniotomy,[56] hematology[58] and dental surgery[59]
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[60] and visual perception[61]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[62] founder of Unani medicine,[58] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[63] aromatherapy,[64] pulsology and sphygmology,[65] and also a philosopher
* Ibn Miskawayh
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[66] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[67] and tracheotomy[68]
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Baitar
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[69] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[70] pulsology and sphygmology[71]
* Ibn al-Quff (1233-1305), pioneer of modern embryology[56]
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
* Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and microbiology[72]
* Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1374)
* Mansur ibn Ilyas
* Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
* Toffy Musivand
* Samuel Rahbar
* Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[73]
* Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6]

[edit] Physicists

Further information: Islamic physics

* Muhammad explained creation of the universe
* Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
* Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit), 9th century
* Al-Saghani, 10th century
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
* Ibn Sahl, 10th century
* Ibn Yunus, 10th century
* Al-Karaji, 10th century
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[74] pioneer of scientific method[75] and experimental physics,[76] considered the "first scientist"[77]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[78]
* Avicenna, 11th century
* Al-Khazini, 12th century
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
* Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
* Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
* Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[9] father of modern engineering[79]
* Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
* Hasan al-Rammah, 13th century
* Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
* Taqi al-Din, 16th century
* Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
* Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
* Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
* Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician
* Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
* Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
* Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
* Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
* Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear physicist
* Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist; Nobel Prize in Physics 1977[80]
* Abdul Kalam, Indian nuclear physicist
* Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
* Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
* Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
* Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German Particle Physisist

The Great Muslim Scientists of All Time

 

[paarsurrey]

You are wrong. The Malaysian government has been systematically suppressing the religious rights of minorities while promoting Islam.

Malaysian Churches Attacked In 'Allah' Row
Malaysian Churches Attacked In 'Allah' Row

Islam reached peacefully in Malaysia, there was no war.
Isn't it correct?

Regards

 

[paarsurrey]

Was Islam spread by the sword?

No.

For example:

Spread of Islam in Malaysia: [2]

Malaysia is a multiconfessional country with Islam being the largest practiced religion, comprising approximately 61.3% Muslim adherents, or around 19.5 million people, as of 2013.[1] Sunni Islam of Shafi'i school of jurisprudence is the dominant branch of Islam in the country.[2]

Religion of the Federation

Although the constitution declares Malaysia to be a secular state, there is much confusion on this subject. Several Muslims have argued, especially after formerPrime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad's declaration that Malaysia is an Islamic state, that Malaysia is in fact an Islamic state. One Member of Parliament (MP),Badruddin bin Amiruldin, has stated in the Dewan Rakyat house of Parliament that "Malaysia ini negara Islam" ("Malaysia is an Islamic state") and that "you tidak suka, you keluar dari Malaysia!" ("You don't like it, you get out of Malaysia!") Badruddin refused to retract his statement, and a motion to refer him to the House Committee of Privileges was rejected by a voice vote.[10]

However, the first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, contradicted this stance in the 1980s, saying, "All talk on Islamic States is just an empty dream. No man in his right sense would accept a nation which bases its political administration on religion, and in a country like Malaysia with its multiracial and multireligious people, there is no room for an Islamic State."[9] In 1988, the courts rejected the argument that Malaysia was a theocratic state.[4]

Despite the Federal Government's denial that Malaysia is an Islamic state, the previous administration under Abdullah Badawi have gradually furthered the agenda of Islamic supremacy at the expense of other religions. The spread of Christianity is a particular sore point for the Muslim majority. The Malaysian government has also persecuted Christian groups who were perceived to be attempting to proselytize to Muslim audiences.[11]

There is a National Fatwa Council that issue fatwas, as part of the Department of Islamic Advancement of Malaysia (JAKIM).

History

Individual Arab traders, including Sahabas preached in the Malay Archipelago, Indo-China and China in the early seventh century.[12] The Islamic Cham people of Cambodia trace their origin to Jahsh (Geys), the father of Zainab and thus one of the fathers-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Islam was introduced to the Sumatran coast by Arabs in 674 CE.[13]

Islam was also brought to Malaysia by Indian Muslim traders in the 12th century AD. It is commonly held that Islam first arrived in Malay peninsular since Sultan Mudzafar Shah I (12th century) of Kedah (Hindu name Phra Ong Mahawangsa), the first ruler to be known to convert to Islam after being introduced to it by Indian traders who themselves were recent converts.

In the 13th century, the Terengganu Stone Monument was found at Kuala Berang, Terengganu where the first Malay state to receive Islam in 1303 Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah, known as Parameswara prior to his conversion, is the first Sultan of Melaka. He converted into Islam after marrying a princess from Pasai, of present day Indonesia.

The religion was adopted peacefully by the coastal trading ports people of Malaysia and Indonesia, absorbing rather than conquering existing beliefs. By the 15th and 16th centuries it was the majority faith of the Malay people.
Islam in Malaysia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

I don't see any sword in spread of Islam in Malaysia.

Please correct me if I am wrong.

Regards

 

[1robin]

So we are here on earth since 200,000 years ago and it was only for those 100 scientists that have a significant effect, fanaticism at its best.

Denial at it's best.

Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī


Consequently he is considered to be the father of algebra,[6] a title he shares with Diophantus. Latin translations of his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the 12th century.[5] He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology.

His contributions not only made a great impact on mathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book.

For complete intro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi


Avicenna

Avicenna was a Persian polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian.

His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century .
Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacology, neuropsychiatry, risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,[30] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health.
He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics, and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy.

George Sarton,, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science:

"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna

Geber

He is "considered by many to be the father of chemistry.
abir Ibn Hayyan is widely credited with the introduction of the experimental method in alchemy, and with the invention of numerous important processes still used in modern chemistry today, such as the syntheses of hydrochloric and nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation. His original works are highly esoteric and probably coded, though nobody today knows what the code is. On the surface, his alchemical career revolved around an elaborate chemical numerology based on consonants in the Arabic names of substances and the concept of takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory. Research has also established that oldest text of Jabiran corpus must have originated in the scientific culture of northeastern Persia. This thesis is supported by the Persian language and Middle Persian terms used in the technical vocabulary.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber

Al-Jazari
The most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the mechanisms, components, ideas, methods and design features which they employ.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazari

Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī
He was involved in the measurement of the diameter of the Earth together with a team of scientists under the patronage of al-Ma'mūn in Baghdad.
The Alfraganus crater on the Moon was named after him.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farghani

Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, and philosophy, recorded in over 184 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries.] He was an early proponent of experimental medicine and is considered the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes

Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
physicist, an anthropologist and psychologist, an astronomer, a chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and physician, an Islamic philosopher and Shia theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields.

He was the first scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as the father of Indology, the father of geodesy, and "the first anthropologist". He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method, and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics, the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena, and a pioneer of experimental psychology.

George Sarton, the father of the history of science, described Biruni as "One of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruni


Al-Khazini
Robert E. Hall wrote the following on al-Khazini:

"His hydrostatic balance can leave no doubt that as a maker of scientific instruments he is among the greatest of any time."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khazini


Ibn al-Haytham
HE made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the scientific method.

Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the "father of modern optics" for his influential Book of Optics, which correctly explained and proved the modern intromission theory of vision, and for his experiments on optics, including experiments on lenses, mirrors, refraction, reflection, and the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. He studied binocular vision and the moon illusion, described the finite speed[] and rectilinear propagation of light and and argued that rays of light are streams of corpuscular energy particles[16]travelling in straight lines.] Due to his formulation of a modern quantitative, empirical and experimental approach to physics and science, he is considered the pioneer of the modern scientific method and the originator of experimental science and experimental physics, and some have described him as the "first scientist" for these reasons.

He is also considered by some to be the founder of experimental psychology for his experimental approach to the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions, and a pioneer of the philosophical field of phenomenology.

Among his other achievements, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura, discovered Fermat's principle of least time and the concept of inertia (Newton's first law of motion), discovered that the heavenly bodies were accountable to the laws of physics, presented a critique and reform of Ptolemaic astronomy, first stated Wilson's theorem in number theory, formulated and solved Alhazen's problem geometrically using early ideas related to calculus and mathematical induction,and in his optical research laid the foundations for the later development of telescopic astronomy,[34] as well as for the microscope and the use of optical aids in Renaissance art.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham



The Great Muslim Scientists of All Time

To be continued -

Of course Islam had scientists. I have never denied it. Every culture has. However Jews and Christians dominate every list of the best scientists in history.

 

[Scimitar]

1robin, your post was "ridiculous at its best"

You have now confirmed my suspicions. Your a well educated person but completely in the tank for Islam, so hard the facts no longer matter.

Well, I'm pleased I fit your bias... if you would like a hamper, let me know - now that the nonsense is put aside, let's examine the examples you gave

The list below is from the book The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present, Citadel Press (2000), written by John Galbraith Simmons.

Oooh, *rubs hands in anticipation.

1 Isaac Newton the Newtonian Revolution Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism;
believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)

He was a gnostic, and wouldn't call himself a Christian, in fact he was an alchemist in search of the elixir of life and other crap such as the philosophers stone - hardly following Christianity there buud.... you sure you studied Isaac Newton properly?

2 Albert Einstein Twentieth-Century Science Jewish

fail man - why do you do this to yourself?

Einstein himself wrote the following to Joseph Dispentiere:

It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.

3 Neils Bohr the Atom Jewish Lutheran

"A statement about religion in the loose notes on Kierkegaard may throw light on the notion of wildness that appears in many of Bohr's letters.

'I, who do not feel in any way united with, and even less, bound to a God, and therefore am also much poorer [than Kierkegaard], would say that the good [is] the overall lofty goal, as only by being good [can one] judge according to worth and right.'"

4 Charles Darwin Evolution Anglican (nominal); Unitarian

Darwin believed in God, but didn't follow any specific religion:

Darwin himself wrote: "an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind." - "Darwin Correspondence Project " What did Darwin believe?".

I don't have time to go through the rest of your badly biased and presented nonsense here - job done.

next time - do yer homework PROPERLY.

Scimi

 

[morphesium]

WOW really?

I was "trained" in a madrassa...

Scimi

What do you think is the reason for the very high rate of terrorists activity among Muslims? Nobody will go and set out to explode with out intensive and barbaric brainwashing and where do you think they are trained from. - It is the action that speaks.


Do you mean to say its People from other religions masks themselves with false identity of Muslims and then they go out and explode?

 

[Harikrish]

Name a single text book in mathematics or science that is used in universities that is based on science or maths developed by the Arabs or Indians.

 

[Scimitar]

Do you mean to say its People from other religions masks themselves with false identity of Muslims and then they go out and explode?

That is exactly what I am saying sheesh... you're an idiot dude.

I am not going to waste my time on your linear thought processes learn some methodology, or stay ignorant.

Scimi

 

[Scimitar]

Name a single text book in mathematics or science that is used in universities that is based on science or maths developed by the Arabs or Indians.

just a single? really? you are too kind.

Al Hazens Book of Optics - too easy.

Scimi

 

[1robin]

1robin, your post was "ridiculous at its best"



Well, I'm pleased I fit your bias... if you would like a hamper, let me know - now that the nonsense is put aside, let's examine the examples you gave

You started the color commentary not me. Put it aside? I wish you had never put it here to require to be set aside.

Oooh, *rubs hands in anticipation.

Ok

He was a gnostic, and wouldn't call himself a Christian, in fact he was an alchemist in search of the elixir of life and other crap such as the philosophers stone - hardly following Christianity there buud.... you sure you studied Isaac Newton properly?

Did you notice that he was said to be JEWISH NOT a practitioner of JUDAISM. However Einstein's beliefs on God depended on what day you asked him.

1. On one day you get - I want to know how God created this world. I am not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that element. I want to know His thoughts; the rest are details.
Albert Einstein Quotes on Spirituality
2. The next day you get this: The word god is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honorable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. No interpretation no matter how subtle can (for me) change this.
Albert Einstein's Lack of Belief in a Personal God

What we never get is that Einstein considered Allah at all.

I will add what to do with Einstein and others below.

fail man - why do you do this to yourself?

Einstein himself wrote the following to Joseph Dispentiere:

It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.

He also wrote this: 6.The scientists’ religious feeling takes the form of a rapturous amazement at the harmony of natural law, which reveals an intelligence of such superiority that, compared with it, all the systematic thinking and acting of human beings is an utterly insignificant reflection.

and this

When the solution is simple, God is answering.
God does not play dice with the universe.
God is subtle but he is not malicious
Albert Einstein Quotes on Spirituality

"A statement about religion in the loose notes on Kierkegaard may throw light on the notion of wildness that appears in many of Bohr's letters.

I do not know how "wild" Bohr was nor why that matters but I do know:

Niels Bohr was born and raised in Copenhagen, Denmark. He died in 1962 of heart failure in Copenhagen. Bohr was baptized a Lutheran, which was the religion of his father's family. However, his mother came from a wealthy and influential Jewish family.


However if it makes you feel better I will consider him neither as well as Einstein.

'I, who do not feel in any way united with, and even less, bound to a God,

and therefore am also much poorer [than Kierkegaard], would say that the good [is] the overall lofty goal, as only by being good [can one] judge according to worth and right.'"

I have no idea what this means. It is almost incoherent.

Darwin believed in God, but didn't follow any specific religion:

Darwin himself wrote: "an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind." - "Darwin Correspondence Project " What did Darwin believe?".

I don't have time to go through the rest of your badly biased and presented nonsense here - job done.

next time - do yer homework PROPERLY.

Darwin was rained as a Christian priest, speculation about whether he lost his faith, never lost it, or lost it and then returned to it are just that, speculation.

Well you took one list among several of several types and managed to only question the level of faith 4 had and then dismissed the lot. That is typical of atheists and Muslims or anyone else that can't do anything about the overall bulk of material given. BTW even if I granted whatever it is you were trying so hard to say about these four (one was used twice anyway) it is of no help to Islam what ever. Making all of these Spinoza's, atheists, or whatever is convenient neither makes Islam more of a scientific contributor nor Christianity any less. It is like taking a ton of sand and saying it is not a pile of sand because you found four grains of dirt that were not pure silicone (maybe). Tactics like this make me tired.

 

[paarsurrey]

Was Islam only spread by the sword? No

Was Islam supposed to be spread by the sword? Debatable

Was Islam spread by the sword? Yes, degree/amount is debatable.

Only strong denial and "at all costs" apologetics could obscure such things.

Take the red pill paarsurrey!

Was Islam only spread by the sword? No

Was Islam supposed to be spread by the sword? No

Was Islam spread by the sword? Muhammad only fought defensive wars. No war was fought by him for conversion to Islam. Islam was rich in reasonable and rational arguments. Why should he wage wars for forcible conversion? He never needed wars. It were the Meccans who opted for wars.

Regards

 

[Harikrish]

Was Islam only spread by the sword? No

Was Islam supposed to be spread by the sword? No

Was Islam spread by the sword? Muhammad only fought defensive wars. No war was fought by him for conversion to Islam. Islam was rich in reasonable and rational arguments. Why should he wage wars for forcible conversion? He never needed wars. It were the Meccans who opted for wars.

Regards

What Mohammad was defending was Islam and the enemies were infidels.