I shall start off with us having an immaterial soul and spirit if you will.
It is true that the Hebrew word for soul Is nephesh and that it can be used as reference to living beings. It can be found in Genesis 2:7. But it is not "limited" to that sense.
Genesis 2:7 is simply telling us what man IS (a living being) not what he IS NOT. In other words, while Genesis 2:7 affirms that man is a living being it doesn't deny we have a immaterial nature.
Can you tell me what the penalty was for eating the forbidden fruit in the garden of Eden?
Was Adam fully informed about what would happen to him if he wilfully broke the only command there was?
What sentence did God pass on him? (Gen 3:19)
Humans were created in much the same way as all other creatures of flesh and blood. But something gave him an advantage.....only he was created with the intellectual, moral and spiritual qualities of his Creator. And the only thing that could end his mortal life was disobedience to the only command that carried the death penalty.
It was God's first purpose to have a race of perfect, free willed beings living on this earth who would have his attributes and act as caretakers of all the other creatures who shared life with him. All creatures had a finite life cycle....except man. Only he had an expectation to live forever, without dying. But this would only come about by his continued obedience.
A rebel spirit son of God caused an upset in the beginning but not one that was too serious. Mankind lost their physical perfection and were barred from "the tree of life"...the one thing that guaranteed continued life. (Gen 3:22-24) God stepped in straight away with a solution....one that would test not only humankind, but also all of God's spirit creatures as well. He would allow freedom of choice without much intervention, to prove that his rule was superior and that human rule under the pretender's influence would not be successful. Sin and death would rule mankind from that time on, until the savior came offered his life to save them.
Humans, for now would have no advantage over the animals. (Eccl 3:19, 20)
If Adam and his wife had simply obeyed their God, they would still be alive today in global paradise conditions, working alongside all their progeny in complete peace and security.
Christ would never have been needed as a savior and God would have continued as king over humankind. No humans would have ever gone to heaven. Have you ever contemplated this?
The word Nephesh is also used in the Old Testament to speak of the seat of emotions and experiences.
Mans Nephesh can be...
Sad (Deuteronomy 28:65)
Grieved (Job 30:25)
In pain (Psalm 13:12)
Distressed (Genesis 42:21)
Bitter (Job 3:20)
Troubled (Psalm 6:3)
And Cheered (Psalm 86:4)
These scriptures show Nephesh also refers to the "inner man" WITHIN the ham being. This is consistent with verses like 2 Kings 4:27, where we read "The man of God said, 'Let her alone for her soul is troubled Within her." Also verses such as Psalm 42:6 and Psalm 43:5.
Can humans souls exist without emotions? It is after all, what makes us human. And Yet Solomon wrote...
"Ecclesiastes 9:3-6, 10....
"This is the sad thing about all that happens under the sun: the same fate awaits everyone. Moreover, the human heart is full of evil; people’s minds are full of madness while they are alive, and afterward they die. Whoever is among the living can be certain about this. A living dog is definitely better off than a dead lion, because the living know that they will die. But the dead know nothing at all. There is no more reward for them; even the memory of them is lost. Their love and their hate, as well as their zeal, are already long gone. They will never again have a stake in all that happens under the sun....Whatever you are capable of doing, do with all your might because there’s no work, thought, knowledge, or wisdom in the grave, which is where you are headed." (CEB)
A person's emotions cease at death...'their love and their hate as well as their zeal are gone'. They have no ability to work, think or know anything because death renders them inactive. "The grave" is Sheol, the Hebrew equivalent of Hades.
The Soul Exists After Death:
In Matthew 10:28 Jesus says, "Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell."
What Jesus is saying here is that there is something about you which those who kill you (in your physical being) cannot touch! That something is that aspect of man which continues to exist after the body has been lowered into the grave.
After all if the word 'soul' is just another way of referring to the whole person as the Watchtower society teaches, then wouldn't the soul die when the physical body dies?
How do you reconcile the Watchtower position with Matthew 10:28 which clearly indicates that it is possible to kill the body WITHOUT killing the soul?
Can I just clarify the one thing before we go on? The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society is a Bible publishing house, licensed under American law for the printing and distribution of large volumes of Bibles and literature.
We are Jehovah's Witnesses.
So first we need to discern the difference between "soul" and "spirit". They do not mean the same thing in Hebrew. A soul is never disembodied. Spirit (pneuma) means "breath".
This is where knowledge of the Bible's teaching to Israel comes in. The ancient Jews had no concept of life after death. Their hope of living again was by means of a resurrection......not drifting off to heaven as spirit, but of complete non-existence in "the grave" as Solomon said. All the resurrections performed in the Bible were returns to life as humans of flesh and blood. This is what the Jews believed, so this is what Jesus showed them by demonstration.
When Jesus calls the dead out of their graves, where does he call them from? (John 5:28, 29) The exact same place from where he called Lazarus....his tomb. Where was Lazarus before Jesus raised him? Jesus tells us in John 11:11-14....
"Our friend Lazarus is sleeping, but I am going in order to wake him up.” The disciples said, “Lord, if he’s sleeping, he will get well.” They thought Jesus meant that Lazarus was in a deep sleep, but Jesus had spoken about Lazarus’ death. Jesus told them plainly, “Lazarus has died."
When Jesus said that we should not "fear those who can only kill the body but not the soul", he uses a word that most people miss. He said,
"Rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell." "Hell" in this scripture is "sheol" or "hades". So in hades (the grave) as Solomon had said, the dead know nothing. All future life prospects for humankind are tied up in their resurrection. Only God can "destroy" a soul by leaving it in death, never to awaken. This is what "Gehenna" meant to a Jew.....a death with no resurrection. There is no immortal soul in the Bible.
The soul is completely mortal...it dies. (Ezekiel 18:4)
Apostate Christianity adopted belief in an immortal soul from the platonic Greek notion of life after death.
In Luke 20:38 we read of Jesus' words to the Sadducees regarding the Old Testament saints Abraham, Isaac and Jacob: "He (God) is not the God of the dead but OF THE LIVING, for all live to Him."
According to the first century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, "the doctrine of the Sadducees is this: that souls die with the bodies."
In Luke 20:38, Jesus contradicts the law of the Sadducees. In effect He is saying, "Abraham, Isaac and Jacob though they died many years ago, are actually living today. For God, who calls Himself the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, is not the God of the dead but of the living."
Jesus clearly indicates that these Old Testament patriarchs are living 'at this present moment' even though they died many years ago.
And the tense of the word for 'live' is not future but present teaching that they are living now.
There's many more instances to point out but you left me many things to write and it is getting rather late lol so you'll have to forgive my sleepiness.
Again, without belief in an immortal soul, Jesus words make sense in another way. The Sadducees did not believe in the resurrection. (Acts 23:8) Abraham, Isaac and Jacob had died and it was their belief in a resurrection when Messiah's kingdom came to the earth, that they would be restored to life. This was the reason that Abraham could offer up his son so willingly.....he figured that since all the messianic promises were made through Isaac, that God would simply raise him from the dead. Since all the promises were to be fulfilled on earth, then his future life prospects had to be earthly. (Heb 11:17-19) As far as God is concerned, it's as if all his faithful pre-Christian servants still live, but are just waiting in their graves for the call to come out. (Heb 11:39, 40) They are just "sleeping" from his perspective, as Jesus said.
Now it's my turn to hit the hay.....I will address your other posts tomorrow, Aussie time.