Experience
Education
Position worked
How much you were paid at previous jobs
Ability to market one's self and negotiation skills
Ability to socialize
Ability to grasp concepts
Intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Whether you have a skill others don't or know some machine others can't operate (that can sometimes factor into raises, I think)
Etc.
So yeah, I'm going out on a limb and taking the stance there are criteria.
Decent list, I'll only take issue with one of them. I asked the value of a persons productivity. So for instance if the job in question was to carry bricks. How does my ability to negotiate affect my value to the business? In other words, of there were two people who in any reasonable metric carried about the same amount of bricks in a day, how would their ability negotiate make them more valuable?
In fact, your example leads to an interesting question.
Let's say one person is paid $10hr to carry bricks and the other $8hr. Would you say the person making $8hr is a bad negotiator or the person making $10 is a good negotiator?
If the person making $8 is a bad negotiator, then the owner of the business is stealing his value (assuming the owner keeps the value as increased profit for himself.
I'm arguing that negotiating is a skill that is used to determine how much you will get paid, but if thousands of people are equal in their ability to carry bricks, their output and work product are the same, but the amount they are paid are different. So then, it can't really be said that people are paid what they are worth, rather people are paid whatever they can get, right?
And, your list is good one, as I said, I might be able to think of a few more, but just using your list, if two people carried the same amount of bricks, how much do you think those things on your list would come into play?