Some people say that Judaism goes by matrilineal descent because we always know who a person’s mother is, and we don’t always know who a person’s father is. However, a person’s
status as a priest, Levite, or Israelite is passed down from the father, and such distinctions were of utmost importance in biblical and Rabbinic times (and still, to a certain degree, today). If priesthood can be passed down via one’s father, why not Jewish identity?
My Jewish Learning.
As noted earlier in the thread, Judaism makes a profound distinction between a Jewish father's firstborn
lanahalah לנחלה, versus a Jewish mother's firstborn
ben lakohen ב׳ לכהן. The Hebrew word describing a father's firstborn ----
lanahalah לנחלה----- speaks literally of "inheritance of property," such that the Jewish father transfers temporal property to his sons (the firstborn getting a double portion of the father's tangible property), while, ironically, the Hebrew word describing the mother's firstborn ----
ben lakohen ב׳ לכהן---- speaks, literally, of the "son of the priesthood," since
"kohen" כהל is the word for priesthood. The mother's firstborn is a priest such that if the firstborn male has a Jewish mother he must be purchased out of the
service to the temple-priesthood, which redemption from the priesthood is done symbolically/ritually even today by the ritual of
pidyon haben פדיון הבן.
But why is the mother's firstborn related the the priesthood לכהן when the right to be a priest is inherited through the father? Shouldn't that make the father's firstborn the "son of the priesthood"
ben lakohen ב׳ לכהן? Similarly odd, as noted in the essay quoted above (from
My Jewish Learning), why, if the priesthood is inherited from the father, is Jewish identity inherited from the mother? If possessions and right to the priesthood are inherited from the father, then why wouldn't Jewish identity be inherited from the father too.
Naturally, the system revealed in the Jewish laws of inheritance separate earthly possessions, even the right to the priesthood, from Jewish identity, which (Jewish identity) is thus not reckoned an earthly possession that can be transferred by a father. This doesn't answer the question why only earthly possessions can be transferred by the father, while something not considered an earthly possession, Jewish identity, must be inherited from a mother alone?
John