Augustus
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Europe to us is the Rum, before and now and then.
certainly not then, as the tafsir clearly explains, not to mention the fact that it makes no conceptual sense given the geography of the Empire and the fact that Europe didn't exist as a concept.
Which is why some say Rum is Europe, others Italy others Turkey, Russia, America, the West, Christians in general, Orthodox Christians.
It's called clutching at straws...