archive - Karras: The Third Wave's Final Girl
The third wave is often thought to have been initiated by the Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas hearings in 1991 when, as Naomi Wolf, the third wave's version of Gloria Steinem in terms of her looks and mass media appeal, explains, the "genderquake" began, referring to the
abrupt shift in the balance of power between US women and men initiated by the Supreme Court confirmation hearings and the unprecedented feminist political action they brought about ... something critical to the sustenance of patriarchy died in the confrontation and something new was born. (xxv; 5)
Wolf argues that the two years following the court hearings were rocked by unprecedented struggles over gender issues, including the William Kennedy Smith and Mike Tyson rape trials. In 1992, more women ran for office and came forward with sexual harassment charges against men running for office, Bill Clinton was elected, and the cult of Hillary began. Deborah Siegel, a feminist who has written extensively about the third wave, also sees this time as fundamental to the development of the third wave, noting that the Clarence Thomas hearings, the Rodney King beating, and the passage of anti-abortion legislation in some states resulted in a political coming of age and a "remarkable resurgence of grassroots student activism, young feminist conferences, and a host of new or newly revitalized social action organizations and networks led largely by young women" (Siegel, 47). I would argue that within the Canadian context, the Montreal Massacre of 1989 was one of such impetuses for Canadian third wave feminists, rallying high school and university students to speak out against violence and gather en masse for memorials, as well as inspiring for many women the first sparks of feminist consciousness.
The chief criticism of third wave feminism and feminists comes from members of the second wave, the women who initiated many of the gains enjoyed by today's generation of women and men. People in their teens and twenties, the daughters and sons of the second wave, have grown up taking equality for granted (Schrof 70; Baumgardner & Richards 77). "The legacy of feminism for me," says Findlen (xii), "was a sense of entitlement ... we are the first generation for whom feminism has been entwined in the fabric of our lives." Findlen and Baumgardner & Richards argue that many young women have integrated the values of feminism into their lives, even if they do not choose to call themselves feminists, and that this is in effect a sign that feminism has succeeded in permeating the social discourse: "This [the integration of feminism into young women's every day lives] is an important barometer of the impact of feminism since feminism is a movement for social change, not an organization doing a membership drive" (Findlen xiv).