Individually, it is passed down and promoted by many things. As they no longer had a homeland, they were also outsiders everywhere they went.
From a biblical perspective...... all of Israel (not just the house of Judah who are called "Jews", but also the house of Israel), would have been blessed if they remained faithful to God and kept their part of the covenant -but were instead cursed because they did not. This includes being scattered and persecuted wherever they went. Still, this cursing is for their eventual benefit.
Amos describes many of these things.
Amo_2:4 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Judah, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have despised the law of the LORD, and have not kept his commandments, and their lies caused them to err, after the which their fathers have walked:
Amo_2:5 But I will send a fire upon Judah, and it shall devour the palaces of Jerusalem.
Amo 8:12 And they shall wander from sea to sea, and from the north even to the east, they shall run to and fro to seek the word of the LORD, and shall not find it.
Judah was scattered and persecuted until they came to Jerusalem again....
Zec 12:6 In that day will I make the governors of Judah like an hearth of fire among the wood, and like a torch of fire in a sheaf; and they shall devour all the people round about, on the right hand and on the left: and Jerusalem shall be inhabited again in her own place, even in Jerusalem.
....after their horrible experience with the Nazis -who are the descendents of the ruling/warring class of ancient Assyria (who left Nineveh/Assyria, traveled NW to Harran and continued over time to what is now Germany). Israel also had troubles with the Assyrians in old testament times.
Isa 10:5 O Assyrian, the rod of mine anger, and the staff in their hand is mine indignation.
The house of Israel was also scattered, but they also lost their own language and identity. They are often called the lost ten tribes of Israel.
Amo 9:9 For, lo, I will command, and I will sift the house of Israel among all nations, like as corn is sifted in a sieve, yet shall not the least grain fall upon the earth.
Amo 9:10 All the sinners of my people shall die by the sword, which say, The evil shall not overtake nor prevent us.
....but they eventually came to the birthrights given to them after being sifted through the nations. Some will disagree, but those include Denmark (Danmark), Britain (brith ish -Ephraim), Australia, the United States (Manasseh), etc....
Gen 48:14 And Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon Manasseh's head, guiding his hands wittingly; for Manasseh was the firstborn.
Gen 48:15 And he blessed Joseph, and said, God, before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac did walk, the God which fed me all my life long unto this day,
Gen 48:16 The Angel which redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads; and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth.
Gen 48:17 And when Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him: and he held up his father's hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head unto Manasseh's head.
Gen 48:18 And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father: for this is the firstborn; put thy right hand upon his head.
Gen 48:19 And his father refused, and said, I know it, my son, I know it: he also shall become a people, and he also shall be great: but truly his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall become a multitude of nations.
....though more will happen before all that is written is finished -and we can still choose blessing rather than cursing to some degree by being righteous as nations and as individuals.