Before I start with Satan disobeying God by not bowing down to Adam, and I will do you one better than just going one by one, by starting with this.
To me, all scriptures - not just the Qur'an - comprised of allegories, parables, myths, folklore, etc, more so than they contain historical facts.
And allegories, parables, myths and folktales were never mean to be taken literally or historically or scientifically to be true.
Historically, Adam don't exist. Adam is an invention made by ancient Israelite during the 1st millennium BCE, said to be the first man and an ancestor to all. Jews, Christians and Muslims accept Adam to be real, but he doesn't exist: Adam is a myth.
Satan is also a myth.
- Satan is an angel according to the Jews, and still is an angel, doing god's bidding.
- Christians believe him to be a demon (the Devil) and an ex-angel (fallen angel).
- Muslims believe that Satan, or Iblis, was never an angel, but a jinn, and all jinns were creatures made of smokeless fire.
Regardless of whether Satan is an angel, demon/fallen angel or jinn, none of them exist, except in books of myths.
Jinns are mythological beings that were invented by pagan Arabs before Muhammad. They (jinns) don't exist, so that mean Satan/Iblis don't exist.
And if Satan don't really exist and if Adam don't exist, except in religious myths, then why should I believe that the story of Satan refusing to obey God, by not bowing down to Adam (Qur'an 5:32).
Second, both the Tanakh and the Bible, don't have this episode of Satan refusing to prostrate before Adam. So where this story come from?
The episode of Adam and Satan come from a rabbi or sage, who invented the story of Satan refusing to obey God, by not bowing down to Adam, from the Midrash and Aggadah, rabbinical texts.
A translation to the Aggadah can be found in the
Legends of the Jews, volume 1, chapter 2 (Adam), translated into English by Louis Ginzberg (1909); look up the chapter for the FALL OF SATAN.
Here, I will quote the relevant bit to you, after Adam won the contest of naming each kind of animals and birds, God demanded that all the angels to bow down to Adam:
The Qur'an version may not be exact copy of the the Aggadah version, the idea is still a borrowing from the rabbinic text.
Why would Muhammad used a source that come from a rabbi, not a prophet?
Thirdly, if I don't believe in the existence of jinns, why should I believe that angels are any more real?
So if angels are myths and don't exist, then Muhammad claiming that Gabriel had visited him, not real. And this make Muhammad claim to be questionable, if Gabriel don't exist.
By knocking down the existence of jinns and angels, everything else that I find questionable in the Qur'an, makes the whole Qur'an fall apart.