I believe the thread was moved to Historical Debates. The following is the post. It was intended as an introduction of the known historical and archeological evidence for further discussion.
The entire history of the Hebrew tribes is dominated by the fact that the region of the Hebrew tribes was surrounded by larger more powerful kingdoms.
One clarification is the main location of the early Hebrew tribes (1200-1000 BCE) is the Levant Hills of Judah and later the Jordan Valley not the coastal region. The Coastal region. In the Collapse of the Late Bronze Age was dominated by the Sea People (?) and Philistines that invaded with the Deterioration of the Phoenician/Canaanite. Hittite, and Egyptian city states. The Egyptian Kingdom survived in Egypt. I see a lot of maps showing the Hebrew Kingdoms extending to the coast of the Mediterranean,
en.wikipedia.org
Late Bronze Age collapse
During the 12th century BC, between c. 1200 and 1150, all of these powers suddenly collapsed. Centralized state systems collapsed, and the region was hit by
famine. Chaos ensued throughout the region, and many urban centers were burnt to the ground by famine-struck natives
[59] and an assortment of raiders known as the
Sea Peoples, who eventually settled in the Levant. The Sea Peoples' origins are ambiguous and many theories have proposed them to be
Trojans,
Sardinians,
Achaeans,
Sicilians or
Lycians.
[60][61][62][63]
Urban centers which survived Hittite and Egyptian expansions in 1600 BC, including
Alalakh,
Ugarit,
Megiddo and
Kadesh, were razed to the ground and were never rebuilt. The
Hittite empire was destroyed, and its capital
Tarḫuntašša was razed to the ground. Egypt repelled its attackers with only a major effort, and over the next century shrank to its territorial core, its central authority permanently weakened.
The primary outline introduction source will be
History of ancient Israel and Judah - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia which is well documented detailed reference with good references cited trough out. The following is the introduction.
Israel and Judah were
Iron Age kingdoms of the old
Near East. The area of time covered in this page is from the first mention of the name Israel in the
archaeological record (1200 BCE) to the end of a independent Judean kingdom near the time of
Jesus Christ.
The two kingdoms arose on the most eastern coast of the
Mediterranean, the most western part of the
Fertile Crescent, between the old empires of
Egypt to the south,
Assyria,
Babylonia, later
Persia to the north and east,
Greece and later
Rome across the sea to the west. The area is small, maybe only 100 miles north to south and 40 or 50 miles east to west.
Israel and Judah were from the
Canaanite culture of the late
Bronze Age, and were based on villages that formed and grew in the southern
Levant highlands (today for the region between the coastal plain and the
Jordan Valley) between c. 1200-1000 BCE. Israel became an important local power in the 9th and 8th centuries BCE before falling to the
Assyrians. The southern kingdom, Judah, became rich inside the greater empires of the region before a revolt against
Babylon led to it being destroyed early in the 6th century.
Judean exiles returned from Babylon early in the following
Persian period, starting a Judahite presence in the province of
Yehud, as Judah was now called. Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent Greek-ruled kingdoms which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great. In the
2nd century BC, the Jews went up against
Greek rule and created the
Hasmonean kingdom, which became first a Roman dependency and soon went under the rule of the
Roman Empire.
The next posts I will address the history of Hebrew tribes before 1200 BCS and begin the discussion of the historical time that the Biblical Exodus is described to take place. More related to the subject of the thread discarding the mythology of chariot wheels in the Red Sea.