Even Angels Ask
Page 117-120 & page 134-136
The belief that Islam promotes violence is so deeply ingrained in the western experience that it can be called a cultural axiom. Almost no one in the West would challenge the notion that Islam encourages Muslims to use force in order to spread the religion. For many centuries this was the perception---or perhaps one should say the fear---of a civilization that was on the defensive, both military and culturally.
Shortly after prophet Mohammed died in 632 C.E., Arab armies surged forth from the Arabian Peninsula in one of the historys most rapid and startling conquests. By 637 C.E., Syria and Iraq have fallen to the new Muslim state, and then Egypt in 642 C.E. Muslims forces continued to push westward and eastward and, before the end of the first Islamic century, not only would the Islamic empire stretch from the Atlantic across North Africa through the former Persian empire and into India, but it would also include Spain and southern France. Thereafter, Muslims and Europeans would meat repeatedly in battle---with the Muslims having the better of it for several centuries.
Europe made a slow-but-sure comeback and eventually caught up to and surpassed Islamic civilization in science, technology, and military power. The expulsion of the Muslims from Spain in 1492 marked a decisive turning point and served as a notice of things to come. With the occupation of Egypt by Napoleon in 1798, the European colonialist ear began. Ultimately, most of the Muslim world fell under European control. After the Second World War and a bitter and sustained struggle, Muslims around the world began to wrestle political independence from their colonizers, which led to the creation of a large number of independent Muslim states. The experience of colonization by the West has left deep wounds of humiliation and resentment in the hearts of many of todays Muslims.
Originally, the western conception of Islam as a religion urging armed aggression might have been mostly an emotional reaction to the threat of a Muslim takeover of Europe. At times, the possibility of such occurrence must have seemed great (recall that Muslim armies threatened Vienna as late as the seventeenth century). However, during Europes colonialist ear, the portrayal of Islam as a violent faith and of Christianity as a gentle one became one of the Christian missionaries main tactics in their effort to win converts among the Muslim population of Africa and Asia. The incongruity of this claim must have been evident to even the most simple-minded Muslims, for it was like having someone hold you at gun point while he insists to you that he is opposed to all use of force.
Today, some western historians are questioning the notion that Islam encourages violence, because the history of Muslims has not been any more violent that of most other cultures. While most Christians probably would not describe Christianity as a violent faith, it would indeed be very difficult to argue that the history of the Christian West has been more peaceful than that of Muslim world. The number of atrocities committed by Christian governments and armies in the name of God are the same could be said for the number of forced conversions to Christianity. There were times in history when Muslims were also guilty of religious persecution, but western historians have shown that, on the whole, the record of Muslims compares very favorably with that of Christians in this regard. In particular, state-sponsored persecution or forced conversion of non-Muslims was quite rare in the Islamic world.
Many western writers, past and present, have pointed to the division in classical Islamic Law of the world into dar al harb (the abode of war) and dar al Islam (the abode of Islam or peace) as evidence of the essentially aggressive nature of Islam. This legal-political formulation separates the world into two mutually exclusive territories: dar al Islam, the land ruled by Muslims according to the Shariah (Islamic law), and dar al harb, the lands not under Muslim control which must be subjected, by conquest if necessary, to Islamic rule. According to this theory, a perpetual state of war exists between media claim that this demonstrates the warlike character of Islam.
This argument is not so easy to dismiss. Muslims can remind Westerners that past church officials often defended aggressive and brutal government policies on religious grounds. But one can counter that those policies were not essentially Christian, since church leaders would not endorse them today. Almost all Muslim religious leaders, however, still uphold the classical dar al Islam/dar al harb concept (hereafter abbreviated DIH), which makes it appear to be fundamental to Islam. This poses a very difficult personal dilemma for many converts, because it seems to them to become a Muslim, they are required to become enemies of their own countries. We will now explore this issue more carefully.
The taking of another persons life has always been, for almost all people, an extremely grave and terrible act. The Quran compares an unjustifiable homicide to the murder of all mankind (5:32). Therefore, people of virtually every time and place found it necessary---and still do---to find or create moral or religious arguments for their military actions.
As Muslim legal scholars began to elaborate a religious-political theory of warfare, they had to address two great facts: the great Muslim conquests of the past and the persistent threat of hostilities along the boundaries of the Islamic empire. I think it can be said that until perhaps quite recently, every great political power perceived itself to be in a conquer-or-be- conquered situation; that is, if your territory is not expanding, then it is in grave danger of shrinking. Muslim legal scholars pointed to the Prophets military campaigns and the conquests of Umar as support for the DIH theory. They also detailed a comprehensive code of wartime ethics that forbade killing or harassing noncombatants, greatly restricted the destruction of enemy land and property, prescribed humane treatment of captives, and prohibited the use of excessive force and forced conversion. One of the guiding objectives of the Muslim jurists was to bring non-Muslim lands under the authority of the Shariah while minimizing destruction and the loss of life. They were also fully convinced that the Shariah offered a system of government far superior to any other and that it provided the conquered people a better and more just of life, not to mention that it allowed them to be exposed to, and hence to consider, the truth of Islam. H. G. Wells, in The Outline of History, makes almost the same case:
And if the reader entertains any delusions about a fine civilization, either Roman or Persian, Hellenic or Egyptian, being submerged by this flood, the sooner he dismisses such idea the better. Islam prevailed because it was the best social and political order the times could offer. It prevailed because everywhere it found politically apathetic people, robbed, oppressed, bullied, uneducated and unorganized, and it found selfish and unsound governments out of touch with any people at all. It was the broadest, freshest and cleanest political idea that had yet come into actual activity in the world, and it offered better terms than any other to the mass of mankind. H. G. Wells, in The Outline of History, 613-14.