In the Spanish colonial period, the Spanish developed a complex set of racial terms and ways to describe difference. Although this has been conceived of as a "system," and often called the
sistema de castas or
sociedad de castas, archival research shows that racial labels were not fixed throughout a person's life.
[14] Artwork created mainly in eighteenth-century Mexico, "
casta paintings," show groupings of racial types in hierarchical order, which has influenced the way that modern scholars have conceived of social difference in Spanish America.
[14]
During the initial period of colonization of the Americas by the Spanish, there were three chief categories of ethnicities: European white or Spaniard (
español), Amerindian (
indio), and African (
negro). Throughout the territories of the
Spanish Empire in the Americas, ways of differentiating individuals in a racial hierarchy, often called in the modern era the
sistema de castas or the
sociedad de castas, developed where society was divided based on color,
calidad (status), and other factors.
The main divisions were as follows:
- Español (fem. española), i.e. Spaniard – person of Spanish or other European ancestry; a blanket term, subdivided into Peninsulares and Criollos
- Peninsular – a European born in Spain who later settled in the Americas;
- Criollo (fem. criolla) – a person of Spanish or other European descent born in the Americas;
- Castizo (fem. castiza) – a person with primarily European and some Amerindian ancestry born into a mixed family; the offspring of a castizo and an español was considered español. Offspring of a castizo/a of an Español/a returned to Español/a.
- Mestizo (fem. mestiza) – a person of extended mixed European and Amerindian ancestry;
- Indio (fem. India) – a person of pure Amerindian ancestry;
- Pardo (fem. parda) – a person of mixed White, Amerindian and African ancestry; sometimes a polite term for a black person;
- Mulato (fem. mulata) – a person of mixed White and African ancestry;
- Zambo – a person of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry;
- Negro (fem. negra) – a person of African descent, primarily former enslaved Africans and their descendants.
In theory, and as depicted in some eighteenth-century Mexican casta paintings, the offspring of a castizo/a [mixed Spanish - mestizo] and an Español/a could be considered Español/a, or "returned" to that status.
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