What happens if i don't have this health insurance? If i work on my own, for example, and decide not to pay for it. Or in case i am housewife, for example. Or a child. What happens in these cases if i need medical services ?
1. You can buy insurance separately from your employer. It's just very expensive, and usually not as good.
2. You usually have the option of adding your dependents (like children) and spouses to your insurance, but it will cost you more.
3. You can choose to go without insurance, but then you will be stuck with a rather large bill any time you see a doctor. (This is something Obamacare changed: starting next year, I believe, everybody has to get insurance or else they will be fined.)
One of the things i am trying to understand is: What public services are there in the health area? ER? Some surgeries or none at all? Some exams ( like blood tests ) or none at all?
There is medicare and medicaid for seniors and for the very poor. It's basically a government run single payer system.
There are some free clinics, like Planned Parenthood, where you can get discount or free services.
And lastly, hospital ERs are required, by law, to treat anyone regardless of ability to pay. While this is a necessary humanitarian service (I can't fathom turning away someone having a heart attack so that they can die on the street just because they couldn't pay), it is also a huge strain on hospitals. They have to eat the cost-- which means that they charge everyone who can pay more for everything. That's why getting aspirin at an ER will cost you $10 on your hospital bill. It also is why ERs can be swamped with non-emergency health complaints that should be taken care of at a regular doctor's office. And it is also why illnesses and conditions are not treated at a more treatable stage, since people will wait till it actually is an emergency.
What is the advantage of this system over investing on state owned medical facilities ?
Is it cheaper? Easier to do? More efficient?
I actually do not know this. I know Canada's system keeps everything private, and just has the government pay for the services. I would think an advantage of that would be to allow individuals greater control and keep alive the spirit of competition to ensure quality. It does seem like it would be easier switch than having the government take over everything.