Adolescent Women and Their Infants: at Risk for Injury, Illness, and Death
- Adolescents age 15 through 19 are twice as likely to die during pregnancy or child birth as those over age 20; girls under age 15 are five times more likely to die.
- Each year, at least two million young women in developing countries undergo unsafe abortion. Unsafe abortion can have devastating consequences, including cervical tearing, perforated uterus, hemorrhage, chronic pelvic infection, infertility, and death.
- In Nigeria, complications of abortion account for 72 percent of all deaths in young women under age 19; moreover, half (50 percent) of all maternal deaths result from illegal abortion among Nigerian adolescents.
- Infants of adolescents are at increased risk for death. In fact, the infants of adolescent mothers are more likely to die before their first birthday than are the infants of older mothers.
- Complications during childbirth account for almost 25 percent of newborn deaths. Preterm delivery and low birth weight are other reasons for deaths among infants born to adolescent mothers.
Why Girls Are More Vulnerable than Older Women
- Many biological, economic, and cultural factors—such as poverty, malnutrition, immature reproductive tract, child marriage, and gender inequities may compromise the health of a pregnant adolescent
- Child marriage is one of the cultural factors that work against adolescent women. Married women under age 18 report being less able than older married women to discuss contraceptive use with their husband. Thus child marriage is also associated with early childbearing. In Chad, Guinea, Mali, and Niger—where child marriage is prevalent—half of all teen women give birth before age 18.
- Child marriage also puts young women at greater risk of HIV. Results from a study in Kenya and Zambia showed that married 16- to 19-year-old females were 75 percent more likely to have HIV than their sexually active unmarried peers.
- Gender inequities put girls at greater risk than boys and affect many aspects of young women’s lives including reduced opportunities for education, employment, and control over their own reproductive health. Lack of education can also affect health when it limits young women’s knowledge about nutrition, birth spacing, and contraception.